Objective To investigate the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis. Methods MCP-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry method and real-time PCR in the eutopic endometrium and ectopic endometrium of 36 patients with adenomyosis, and the results were compared with those of controls. Results MCP-1 contents in the eutopic endometrium and ectopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis were significantly higher than those of normal controls(P<0.05). The contents in ectopic endometrium tissue was significantly higher than that in eutopic endometrium tissue (P<0.05), and the contents in the two tissues were significantly correlated with each other (r=0.87, P<0.01) .Conclusion MCP-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis, but the specific molecular mechanisms need further study.