Objective To analyze the causes of early bioprosthesis failure(EBF) and to discuss its coping strategy. Methods The clinical data of patients who received bioprosthesis replacement in Changhai Hospital between Jan. 2001 and Jan. 2014 were reviewed. We also searched PubMed for related articles which were published from 1994 to 2014 using "bioprosthesis", "heart valve prosthesis", "early failure" and "bioprosthesis failure" as the keywords. Results Only three EBF cases (0.5%) were found among a total of 650 cases who received bioprosthesis replacement in our hospital, and the reasons for EBF in the 3 cases were: native valve attachment, early calcification caused by metabolic syndrome, and early valve thrombosis. PubMed searched identified 14 EBF case reports, and the reasons for these 14 cases were as follows: native valve attachment in 6(42.9%) cases, metabolic abnormalities in 3(21.4%) cases, early valve thrombosis in 2(14.3%) cases, chronic inflammation in 2(14.3%) cases, and improper operation in 1 (7.1%) case. Conclusion EBF is a rare but serious complication after bioprosthesis replacement, with complicated causes. Appropriate preventive measures should be applied according to the different conditions of patients.