The blood-nerve barrier (BNB) is a barrier system similar to blood-brain barrier (BBB), which can selectively limits the interchange of materials between the blood and the peripheral nervous system. It has been reported that the change of BNB permeability occurs in nerve lesions, and further research on BNB is of great significance for the treatment of those diseases. This paper mainly introduced the structure and function of BNB, progress of BNB cellular biology, changes and significance of BNB under pathological conditions, and the possible association between BNB and drug effects.