Gut microbiota plays important roles in maintaining human body homeostasis, and its relationship with diseases is gaining increasing attention, but the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Recently, studies have shown that gut dysbacteriosis also plays a part in the development and progression of liver cancer, which involves dysbacteriosis-related changes in bile acid metabolism, hepatic stellate cell senescence, endotoxin metabolic disorders and so on. This paper reviewed the mechanisms of liver cancer involving gut dysbacteriosis, casting new lights on prevention strategies of liver cancer by targeting gut dysbacteriosis and on the future research directions.