Objective To explore the healthcare demands and utilization of soldiers in navy warship troops during maritime missions, so as to provide scientific basis for the relevant health agencies to make plan and allocate health resources. Methods Questionnaire were designed for naval soldiers to fill in, and the investigation included basic information of soldiers, disease occurrence, physical injury and medical treatment during the missions. The EpiData 3.1 was used for data input by double person and the SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 850 questionnaires were sent out and 755 valid questionnaires were returned (response rate 88.82%). During the maritime mission, the incidence of diseases of soldiers in navy warship troops was high, with various types of diseases. The diseases of high frequency were acute gastroenteritis (49.1%, 371/755) and heat stroke (36.4%, 275/755). The physical injuries of high incidence were seasickness (65.0%, 491/755), noise induced hearing loss (20.0%, 151/755), and cabin noxious gas poisoning (19.3%, 146/755). There were 242 persons (32.1%) who believed that the disease could not be solved during maritime missions. Conclusion During the maritime missions, the incidences of diseases and physical injuries of soldiers are high in navy warship troops, and the health services cannot well meet the demands of the soldiers.