Objective To study the current status and related factors of life satisfaction and well-being of soldiers during long-distance sailing.Methods Totally 476 soldiers in Chinese navy escort fleets in Aden Gulf were selected by random cluster sampling method. After 2-month long-distance sailing, the status of insomnia, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction and well-being was evaluated by insomnia severity index (ISI) scale, patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) and mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF), respectively.Results A total of 469 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective rate of 98.53%. During the escort, 44.35% (208/469), 37.10% (174/469) and 19.62% (92/469) of the soldiers suffered from insomnia, depression and anxiety to different extents, respectively. The overall life satisfaction of the soldiers was lower than the national norm (21.11±6.01 vs 23.60±6.10), while the well-being was better than the national norm (3.64±0.91 vs 3.24±1.00) (both P < 0.01). The soldiers with service age > 6 years had significantly aggravated insomnia and anxiety symptoms and lower emotional well-being. The emotional well-being was also markedly decreased in married soldiers with children. The life satisfaction was much lower in soldiers who participated in escort for the first time. Night duties also aggravated insomnia and anxiety symptoms, and lowered the life satisfaction and well-being of soldiers. Night duties over 3 h, night duties with the interval of 10~< 14 h or suffering from oral ulcer could significantly aggravate insomnia, depression and anxiety symptoms, and lower the life satisfaction and well-being. Life satisfaction and well-being were negatively correlated with insomnia, depression and anxiety (all P < 0.01). Insomnia, depression and anxiety could significantly lower the life satisfaction and well-being (all P < 0.01).Conclusion Soldiers during long-time sailing may suffer from insomnia, depression and anxiety to different extents. They have low life satisfaction but strong well-being. Insomnia and emotion disorders can lower their life satisfaction and well-being.