Objective To investigate the status quo of combat casualty care capability in Chinese peacekeeping military doctors before deployment, and analyze the problems in the training of combat casualty care, so as to provide reference for improving the training content. Methods The cluster sampling was used to recruit the peacekeeping military doctors from Chinese peacekeeping LevelⅠhospitals before deployment. A total of 35 peacekeeping military doctors who completed the training of combat casualty care were investigated through questionnaire, test, desktop simulation and practical training (including on-site assessment, triage and closed thoracic drainage). Likert 5-grade scoring method was used to evaluate the questionnaire items. The error rates of knowledge points and reasonable deduction rates were used to evaluate the test and the desktop simulation, respectively. The on-site assessment and the triage were assessed with five-point method of medical simulation training of the United Nations medical team, and the closed thoracic drainage was graded using percentage. Results The results of the questionnaire on the 35 peacekeeping military doctors showed that the average score of mastery level (3.99±0.68), teaching quality (4.48±0.64), task demand (4.55±0.54) and personal demand (4.41±0.60) were significantly different (F=26.65, P<0.01), with the average score of mastery level being the lowest. The test results showed that the error rates of seven knowledge points were significantly different (χ²=167.65, P<0.001), and the error rate of the basic skill (hemostasis principle) of combat casualty first aid was the highest, and the error rate of injury ticket and injury label was the lowest. The results of the desktop simulation indicated that all the 35 participants were able to complete the deduction of the 21 items, the reasonable rates of two items were 100.00%, the reasonable rates of six items were less than 60%, and three items had inappropriate deduction measures. The average scores of on-site assessment were as follows:3.00 points for the equipment preparation, on-site treatment and casualty evacuation; 2.89 points for the safety awareness; 2.78 points for the sequence and key points of physical examination of casualty; and 2.67 points for the contents of physical examination of casualty. The average scores of triage were as follows:3.00 points for the overall classification concept; 2.89 points for the treatment classification (secondary assessment) and the sequence and key points of physical examination of casualty; 2.11 points for the physical examination contents of casualty; 1.00 point for the injury severity and treatment order, surgical methods and casualty flow; and 77-97 (91.33±5.84) points for the closed thoracic drainage. Conclusion There are still some weaknesses in overall casualty treatment capacity of peacekeeping military doctors before deployment. In the future, the training of combat casualty care should be strengthened in weapon wound treatment, damage control surgery and mass casualty treatment; the proportion of practical training courses should be increased, and comprehensive ability training courses should be added.