Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication of radiotherapy for thoracic malignant tumors, and effective treatments are urgently required. Development of nanotechnology in recent years brings hope to the resolution of this problem. Nanomedicine is a drug crystal or carrier with size in the range of 1-100 nm, and it can improve pharmacokinetics and increase the biodistribution of therapeutic agents in the target organs with its own physical characteristics or targeted drug delivery system, so as to reduce the symptoms of radiation pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. These advantages have provided new perspectives and ways for clinical treatment of RILI. This article reviews the relevant progress in nanomedicine treatment of RILI in recent years.