Objective To analyze the characteristics of 5-year population metabolic indexes of military medical personnel in a tertiary hospital, so as to provide reference for optimizing the health management of metabolic diseases in this population. Methods The health records of military medical personnel in a tertiary hospital from 2016 to 2020 were collected. SPSS 21.0 software was used to analyze the abnormal metabolic indexes and group characteristics. Results The metabolic indexes with high abnormal rates among military medical personnel from 2016 to 2020 were overweight, uric acid (UA), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the differences in the abnormal rates of UA and LDL-C were significant over the past 5 years (χ²=21.797, P＜0.01; χ²=10.521, P＜0.05). The indexes with higher abnormal rates in males were overweight, LDL-C, and UA, while the indexes with higher abnormal rates in females were LDL-C and total cholesterol (TC). In the comparison of the 5-year abnormal rates of a single index in the same gender group, there were significant differences in the abnormal rates of UA and LDL-C in males (χ²=45.496, P＜0.01; χ²=12.086, P＜0.05) and in the abnormal rates of UA, TC, and LDL-C in females (χ²=10.270, P＜0.05; χ²=14.349, P＜0.01; χ²=10.834, P＜0.01). The 5-year abnormal rates of overweight, UA, TG, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in males were higher than those in females (all P＜0.05). From 2016 to 2020, there were significant differences in the abnormal rates of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and LDL-C among the ＜40, 40-50, and ＞50 years old groups (all P＜0.01), the abnormal rate of FBG was the highest in the ＞ 50 years old group in 5 years, and the abnormal rate of LDL-C in the ＞50 years old group was the highest from 2017 to 2020. The difference in the overweight rate among the 40, 40-50, and ＞50 years old groups in 2020 was significant (P＜0.01), and the ＞50 years old group had the highest overweight rate. Conclusion The changes of metabolic indexes of military medical personnel have certain group characteristics, and gender and age have impacts on the abnormal rates of metabolic indexes.