Objective To comprehensively evaluate the dietary and nutritional status of naval soldiers for the improvement of military nutrition and adjustment of food supply. Methods A total of 141 units were sampled in this survey, covering all categories of soldiers in the Navy. Based on The method of nutrition survey and assessment in armed forces (GJB1636A-2016), the daily per capita food intake and nutrient intake of each unit were calculated by weighing method and accounting method. At the same time, the average daily energy consumption of each person was calculated by the 24 h life observation method. The physical examination and nutrition-related disease questionnaire were also conducted. Results It was found that the main nutritional problems of the soldiers were the coexistence of nutrient deficiency and overnutrition caused by the imbalance of dietary structure, leading to the occurrence of nutrition-related diseases. The lack of nutrition knowledge and weak concepts of nutrition and health may be the reason for the above problems. Conclusion According to the problems found in the investigation, countermeasures should be taken as soon as possible to provide strong support for improving the nutrition level and physical fitness to build up a world-class navy.