Objective To explore the characteristics and risk factors of occupational exposure to blood-borne diseases among medical staff, so as to provide effective basis for prevention and intervention. Methods The data of 746 cases of occupational exposure to blood-borne diseases reported by Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Apr. 2006 to Jan. 2021 were analyzed retrospectively, which including gender, age, occupation, working department, time of occupational exposure, source of exposure, route of exposure and treatment measures. Results In terms of gender, more females (540 cases, 72.39%) had occupational exposure to blood-borne diseases than males (206 cases, 27.61%); in terms of occupation, nurses (305 cases, 40.88%), doctors (171 cases, 22.92%) and student nurses (111 cases, 14.88%) were the main groups with occupational exposure to blood-borne diseases; in terms of department distribution, the top 5 departments were emergency department (105 cases, 14.08%), general surgery (73 cases, 9.79%), anesthesiology department (67 cases, 8.98%), gastroenterology department (55 cases, 7.37%) and cardiothoracic surgery (54 cases, 7.24%). The main source of exposure was hepatitis B virus (508 cases, 68.10%); the main route of exposure was sharp instrument injuries (666 cases, 89.28%). Thirty-six cases (4.83%) did not receive any emergency treatment after exposure to blood-borne diseases, while all exposed staff received preventive treatment and follow-up, and no occupational exposure infection occurred in the end. Conclusion To reduce the incidence of blood-borne diseases and ensure the physical and mental health of medical staff, we should strengthen the awareness to prevent blood-borne diseases, strengthen occupational protection training, establish reasonable and effective protection system, and improve the diagnosis and treatment.