Chronic low back pain (CLBP) has a high general population and lifetime prevalence, which causes a significant economic burden to patients and social health care system, and has become a research focus in recent years. With the deepening of research, the pathogenesis and influencing factors of CLBP have been found one after another, and the diagnosis and treatment guidelines have been continuously updated. However, due to the absence of definite etiology, the concept of CLBP is still not unified, and its diagnosis and treatment are also controversial. This article reviews the research progress on the concept, pathogenesis and influencing factors, and diagnosis and treatment of CLBP, so as to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis, treatment and research.