Objective To evaluate the demographic distribution and clinical comorbidities of kidney stone patients and explore the related factors, so as to provide evidence for clinical prevention and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 10 140 patients who were diagnosed with kidney stones in The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) between Jan. 2017 and Dec. 2020. The patients were divided into unilateral kidney stone group (unilateral group) and bilateral kidney stone group (bilateral group). The age, sex distribution, laboratory examination, and common clinical comorbidities were compared between the 2 groups. Logistic regression was used to explore the related factors that may affect the formation of bilateral kidney stones. Results The mean age of the 10 140 patients was (57.75±13.30) years old, with 276 cases (2.7%) ≤ 30 years old, 6 647 cases (65.6%) 31-64 years old, and 3 217 cases (31.7%) ≥ 65 years old. There were 7 021 males (69.3%) and 3 119 females (30.7%), with a male to female ratio of 2.25:1. The most common clinical complications of the patients in this study included hypertension (3 285 cases, 32.4%), tumor (2 775 cases, 27.4%), hyperuricemia (2 007 cases, 19.8%), diabetes mellitus (1 526 cases, 15.0%), coronary heart disease (1 072 cases,10.6%), and cerebrovascular disease (473 cases, 4.7%). Totally 8 171 patients (80.6%) were in the unilateral group and 1 969 patients (19.4%) in the bilateral group. The age of bilateral group was younger than that of unilateral group, the proportion of male was higher than that of unilateral group, the levels of serum creatinine, uric acid and urine pH were higher than those of unilateral group, the level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol was lower than that of unilateral group, the proportions of patients with hypertension and hyperuricemia were higher than those of unilateral group, and the proportions of patients with tumor and coronary heart disease were lower than those of unilateral group (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in body mass index, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol or the proportion of patients with diabetes or cerebrovascular diseases between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that gender (male) and hyperuricemia might be important risk factors for the formation of bilateral kidney stones; however, more patients combined with tumors were seen in the unilateral group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Kidney stones are more common in middle-aged men, and metabolic syndrome-related diseases play an important role in the development of kidney stones, so it is necessary to strengthen the early prevention of these diseases. The incidence of tumor combination is high in patients with kidney stones, suggesting an association between the 2 conditions. In addition, male sex and hyperuricemia are more closely related to the formation of bilateral kidney stones.