Objective To analyze the disability status and its influencing factors among elderly people living alone in China. Methods Based on the data obtained from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey in 2018, a total of 1 854 elderly people living alone were included in this study. The disability status of the subjects was evaluated using Kata scale, and the distribution patterns of disability status were analyzed using χ² test. Furthermore, binary logistic model was used to identify the factors influencing the disability status of elderly people living alone. Results The prevalence of disability among the elderly people living alone was 13.86% (257/1 854). The results of the univariate analysis indicated that there were significant differences in age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, regular exercise, self-rated health, and annual physical examination between disabled elderly people and non-disabled elderly people (all P＜0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that age≥ 80 years old (odds ratio ［OR］ ＝2.554) and sleep duration＜4.0 h (OR＝2.460) were risk factors of disability in the elderly people living alone, while regular exercise (OR＝0.637), good self-rated health (OR＝0.593), and participation in annual physical examination (OR＝0.698) were protective factors. Conclusion The disability status of elderly people living alone is influenced by various factors, and the incidence of disability among this population is lower than that among the general elderly population.