Objective To study the effect of night vision goggle (NVG) on visual performance, so as to provide an experimental basis for NVG ground simulation training. Methods Twenty volunteers with normal vision were recruited. The static distanced visual acuity, depth perceptual error, dynamic visual acuity (DVA; 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 km/h), visual cognition time, and visual search time were measured with NVG in the full moonlight environment (0.1 lx). The effect of NVG on visual performance in the full moonlight environment was assessed by comparing with the same indicators measured with the naked eye in the twilight light environment (15 lx). Also, the ability to judge the positions of red and blue light (2 cd/m²) in a dark room was compared between wearing NVG and the naked eye. Results Compared with the naked eye in the twilight environment, DVA for all 4 speeds (3.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 km/h) was decreased (all P＜0.001), depth perceptual error and visual search time were increased (both P＜0.05) in the full moonlight environment with the NVG, whereas there were no significant differences in static distanced visual acuity or visual cognitive time (both P＞0.05). The scores of wearing NVG for correctly judging the relationship between red and blue light were significantly lower than those of the naked eye (P＝0.001). Wearing NVG was more likely to misjudge the red light closer to them (P＝0.001). Conclusion DVA, depth perception and visual search capability are the weak points for NVG to improve the visual performance. NVG ground simulation training should emphasize the search of dynamic targets, recognition, and training of depth perception. Flying with NVG should not use the color light as a cue for distance judgments, and should focus on alternating between NVG and the naked eye to enhance the ability to acquire systematic information and build situational awareness.