Objective To explore the correlations between self-esteem, social support and mental health status of patients with deep burns at special sites at different stages of the disease course. Methods A total of 36 inpatients who were admitted to Department of Burn Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) between Jan. 2020 and Sep. 2023 were enrolled. The patients were assessed with self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist-civilian version (PCL-C), Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), and perceived social support scale (PSSS) within 7 d of burns (early stage of disease), at wound closure (early rehabilitation stage), and 3 months after wound closure (late rehabilitation stage). The data were collected and invalid data were excluded for statistical analysis. Results A total of 36 patients effectively completed all the scales. There were anxiety, depression and PTSD in patients with deep burns at special sites at different stages of the disease course, and the number of burn patients with anxiety, depression and PTSD showed a downward trend with the course of disease. The RSES score at the early rehabilitation stage was positively correlated with SAS score (r_s＝0.412, P＝0.013), SDS score (r_s＝0.347, P＝0.038) and PCL-C score (r_s＝0.447, P＝0.006) at the early stage of disease, but not with SAS, SDS, or PCL-C scores at the early and late rehabilitation stages (all P＞0.05). There were no correlations between PSSS score at the early rehabilitation stage and SAS, SDS, or PCL-C scores at the early stage of disease or SAS or PCL-C scores at the early stage of rehabilitation (all P＞0.05), but there were negative correlations between PSSS score at the early rehabilitation stage and SDS score at the early stage of rehabilitation (r＝－0.430, P＝0.009) and SAS score (r＝－0.467, P＝0.004), SDS score (r＝－0.483, P＝0.003), and PCL-C score (r_s＝－0.351, P＝0.036) at the late stage of rehabilitation. Conclusion Anxiety, depression, and PTSD are observed in patients with deep burns in special areas at different stages of the disease. A high level of self-esteem is associated with an increased risk of mental problems at early stage of burns. Conversely, a high level of social support is associated with a reduced likelihood of mental problems at late stage of rehabilitation.