Imaging modalities play an important role in predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, and different imaging modalities have their own advantages and value. In this review, the performance of mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and positron emission tomography in predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer was compared. Among them, MRI, especially dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, and the combination of imaging omics and artificial intelligence, has shown high sensitivity and specificity, and has gradually become the preferred examination method. With the continuous progress of technology and research, these imaging modalities are expected to play more important roles in the precise and individualized treatment of breast cancer.