Retinal neovascular disease is a serious blinding disease. The construction of the related animal models is an important basis for conducting mechanism research and can contribute to better prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy is the most commonly used animal model for studying retinal neovascular diseases, and its construction is similar to the development of retinopathy of prematurity, with the advantages of simple preparation method and good reproducibility. In this paper, we focused on the construction methods and principles of mouse models with oxygen-induced retinopathy, the role of model-related angiogenic cytokines, and factors influencing the construction of models (animal species, percentage of oxygen, effects of hyperoxia on maternal mice, postnatal weight gain, exposure of light and so on). Meanwhile, we briefly introduced the quantitative evaluation methods commonly used in the model, hoping to help researchers to accurately and effectively construct and evaluate the mouse model with oxygen-induced retinopathy.