Objective To investigate the relationship between mobile phone addiction and sleep quality of military medical students, so as to provide evidence for improving their mental health. Methods A total of 237 cadets from freshman to senior majored in medicine were tested by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scale and mobile phone addiction tendency scale (MPATS). Results Eventually, 227 valid questionnaires were collected, with the effective response rate being 95.8%. The mean score of PSQI was 5.78±2.26, and the mean score of MPATS was 38.65±11.32. Females had a worse sleep quality than male military medical students (6.12±2.11 vs 5.49±2.35, P<0.05). Junior cadets had the highest MPATS score (42.51±10.81). The score of PSQI was positively correlated with the score of MPATS among military medical students (r=0.280, P<0.01). Regression analysis showed that mobile phone addiction had significant impact on sleep quality of military medical students (P<0.01). Conclusion Mobile phone overuse has a negative impact on sleep quality among military medical students, especially in females. It is necessary to strengthen the management mobile phone use among junior cadets.