Objective To measure the parameters of optic disc and macula by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in healthy controls and patients with mild or moderate primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and to analyze the related influencing factors. Methods Forty patients (40 eyes) with mild or moderate POAG who were admitted to our department from Sep. 2015 to Aug. 2018 were enrolled, including 20 patients aged 20-39 years old and 20 patients aged 60-79 years old. Contemporaneous 40 healthy controls (40 eyes) were also included (20 aged 20-39 years old and 20 aged 60-79 years old). All subjects received comprehensive ophthalmic examination. SD-OCT was used to measure the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), the thickness of macular average ganglion cell layer combined with the inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL), the macular minimum GCL-IPL thickness, and the average thickness of the macular cube. Results The average and minimum GCL-IPL thickness decreased significantly with age in both healthy control and POAG groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). With the increase of age, the average macular cube thickness did not change significantly in the two groups. In the healthy control group, there was no significant difference in the pRNFL thickness between 20-39 and 60-79 years old subgroups (P>0.05). The mean, superior, inferior and temporal thicknesses of pRNFL in the POAG group (both 20-39 years old and 60-79 years old subgroups) were significantly thinner than those in the healthy control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Moreover, the thickness of pRNFL in POAG patients aged 60-79 years was significantly thinner than those in POAG patients aged 20-39 years (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the nasal thickness of pRNFL between 20-39 and 60-79 years old patients in the POAG group (P>0.05). And no significant difference was found in the nasal thickness of pRNFL between POAG group and healthy control group of the same age (P>0.05). Conclusion The pRNFL thickness measured by SD-OCT is related to POAG, and it can be used as a detection index for early diagnosis of POAG.