Objective To explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alone or in combination with working memory training (2-back task) on inhibitory control function of military medical students, so as to provide evidence for improving their cognitive function and academic achievement. Methods Thirty-six military medical students were evenly randomized into 3 groups, and they were intervened by 20 min 1.5 mA tDCS and 2-back task training (combined group), sham-tDCS and 2-back task training (2-back group), or 20 min 1.5 mA tDCS and novel reading (tDCS group) 3 times a week for 4 weeks, respectively. The changes of response time and correct rate of inhibitory control function were compared before and after the intervention. Results The response time of the inhibitory control function of the combined group after the intervention was lower than that before intervention ([801.27±91.21] ms vs[883.52±73.18] ms, P=0.028, G²=0.210), while the correct rate was increased after the intervention (0.98±0.02 vs 0.96±0.04, P=0.005, G²=0.341). There was no significant difference in the response time or correct rate of inhibitory control function between the tDCS group and 2-back group before and after the intervention (P>0.05), while the effect size of response time of the tDCS group (G²=0.167) was higher than that of the 2-back group. Conclusion tDCS can improve the inhibitory control function of military medical students, and the effect of tDCS combined with 2-back task is better than that of tDCS alone.