Objective To analyze the disease spectrum of officers and soldiers in rehabilitation medicine department of an island hospital, so as to provide reference for the prevention and targeted treatment of common diseases. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the medical records of 4 775 officers and soldiers who first visited the rehabilitation medicine department of an island hospital from Jun. 1, 2018 to Jul. 31, 2020. Using the hospital information system, the gender, age, treatment time and diagnosis of officers and soldiers were collected, and the diseases were classified and counted according to the international classification of disease (ICD)-10 standard. Results There were 4 775 cases of officers and soldiers at their first visits, including 4 703 males (98.49%) and 72 females (1.51%). The top 5 diseases were low back pain (58.35%, 2 786/4 775), neck pain (13.30%, 635/4 775), shoulder pain (7.29%, 348/4 775), knee pain (6.81%, 325/4 775), and ankle sprain (3.31%, 158/4 775); the top 5 diseases of males were low back pain (58.71%, 2 761/4 703), neck pain (13.13%, 617/4 703), shoulder pain (7.36%, 346/4 703), knee pain (6.83%, 321/4 703), and ankle sprain (3.36%, 158/4 703); and the top 5 diseases of females were low back pain (34.72%, 25/72), neck pain (25.00%, 18/72), insomnia (19.44%, 14/72), dysmenorrhea (9.72%, 7/72), and knee pain (5.56%, 4/72). Conclusion Neck, shoulder, low back and leg pains and joint diseases are common in officers and soldiers on the island, which is related to the hostile environment and climate of the island and the intensive training. Health education of prevention training and rehabilitation knowledge should be further strengthened, so as to reduce the incidence and consultation rate.