Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Its typical clinical manifestations include progressive cognitive decline, memory impairment, personality and behavioural changes, aphasia, dysfunction, and loss of recognition. Pathological changes include amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles formed by Tau protein, degeneration of neurons and their synapses, and glial cell activation and proliferation. The disease is a huge challenge in our country and the whole world at present. In recent years, with the gradual increase of the global aging population, the number of AD patients has been increasing, causing a great burden and loss to individuals, families, and society. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of AD patients is essential for early intervention, and the development of drugs to relieve symptoms and delay the disease is also greatly needed. This article reviews the development of diagnostic frameworks related to the precise diagnosis of AD, imaging and body fluid biomarkers, as well as current advances in drugs and treatments for AD.