Objective：To establish a rat hyperparathyroidism model secondary to chronic renal failure, so as to lay a foundation for studying the mechanism and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods： Thiry-six male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250 g, were randomly divided into 6 groups： 5/6 nephrectomy plus high phosphorus food group （STNx ＋ HP）, 5/6 nephrectomy plus low phosphorus food group （STNx ＋ LP）, 5/6 nephrectomy plus normal phosphorus food group （STNx ＋ NP）, sham operation plus high phosphorus food group（Sham ＋ HP）, sham operation plus low phosphorus food group（Sham ＋ LP）, and sham operation plus normal phosphorus food group（Sham ＋ NP）. Nephrectomy was performed in 2 steps. Serum phosphorus levels （P） and iPTH levels were detected at day 7 pre-operation and day 7, 14, and 21 after the second operation. The kidneys, thyroid glands and parathyroid glands complex underwent pathological analysis 4 weeks after operation. Results： Five patients survived in STNx＋NP group, 4 in STNx＋LP group and 4 in STNx＋HP group postoperatively. No death occurred in sham operated groups. Serum phosphorus levels of nephrectomy groups at different time points after operation were higher than those before operation and those of sham operation groups （P〈 0. 05）. Serum phosphorus level of STNx＋HP group was obviously higher than those before operation and Sham ＋ HP group（P〈0.05）; those of STNx＋NP and STNx＋LP were similar to those of Sham ＋ NP and Sham ＋ LP group, respectively; but were both lower than that of STNx＋HP group（P〈0.05）. Pathological analysis demonstrated renal glomerulus putty denaturalization and sclerosis. Histological examination of parathyroid glands revealed gland hypertrophy, mostly adelomorphous cells and acidophilia cells, in STNx＋ NP group 28 d after operation. Conclusion： Nephrectomy plus high phosphorus foods can be used to establish hyperparathyroidism model secondary to chronic renal failure in rats, with low cost, simple operation, short experiment cycle and low animal mortality.