Sleep disorder is the most common concomitant symptom following traumatic brain injury (TBI), with more than half of the patients representing insomnia, hypersomnia and circadian rhythm disorders. Long-term sleep disturbance can significantly affect the mental status, cognitive function and recovery of brain injury in TBI patients, which may increase the risk of TBI caused by traffic accidents. A series of neuroendocrine abnormalities caused by hypothalamic-pituitary-target gland axis dysfunction may be the main reason for sleep disorders. Currently, there is no uniform standard for the diagnosis of various types of sleep disorder after TBI. Hypnotic medications, whose curative effects on sleep disorder and complication have not been fully estimated yet, are the main treatment of sleep disorders after TBI. Further understanding of the mechanisms of various sleep disorders following different types of TBI can guide clinical therapies. Individualized treatment will play a positive role in rehabilitation of patients with sleep disorders following TBI.