Objective To analyze the clinical significance of PCR results for diagnosis and treatment of Ebola virus disease. Methods From 2014 November to 2015 March, a total of 101 patients were admitted to China Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU) in Liberia, and 172 specimens were sent for laboratory test: detection of Ebola virus RNA using real time PCR. The result of detection was recorded as positive or negative. If positive, the cycle threshold (CT) in real-time PCR was also reported. The relationship of laboratory findings with illness and prognosis was analyzed. Results Ten patients were identified as virus positive. The results of the first detection were positive in 8 patients and negative in 2 patients, and the 2 patients were positive in a second detection performed again 48 h later. The low CT values of PCR test observed in the 4 patients suggested high virus loads, and they died finally. In the 6 survived patients the CT values increased as their condition became better, which indicated that the virus loads decreased gradually. Conclusion Detection of Ebola virus mRNA by real-time PCR and the CT value can provide important reference for diagnosis and treatment of Ebola virus disease.