Objective To know about the two-week prevalence of the elderly people living in Shanghai and its influencing factors, so as to provide evidence for the health management of the elderly. Methods The data were extracted from the fifth national health services survey of Shanghai, and the data of 11 103 elderly people from 17 districts in Shanghai were investigated by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, including the basic situation, healthy physical examination within a year and two-week prevalence. Univariate analysis was performed by Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskal-Wallis H test, and multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression to explore the factors influencing the number of two-week prevalence of the elderly people aged 60 years and above in Shanghai. Results The total number of the two-week prevalence of the elderly people was 8 943, and the two-week prevalence rate was 805.458‰. The highest frequencies of two-week diseases were hypertensive and diabetes, accounting for 59.4% (5 314/8 943) and 14.9% (1 332/8 943), respectively. Results of univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that the main influencing factors of two-week prevalence were age, employment status, type of occupation, and physical examination within one year. Conclusion The two-week prevalence of elderly people in Shanghai is higher than the national average. Health guidance should be given to the factors influencing of the two-week prevalence in order to achieve a healthy aging.