Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) seriously affects human health. Non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD) is common in patients undergoing coronary angiography for angina. CMD may be closely related to the incidence of angina in NOCAD patients; however, the relationship between microvascular angina and CMD is still unclear. This review focuses on the main risk factors (diabetes mellitus, inflammation, aging, gender, etc.), pathogenesis (endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, etc.) and treatment of CMD.