With the gradual extension of the survival time of cancer patients, how to preserve the fertility of male cancer patients has received increasing attention. Due to the characteristics of spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, the fertility of male cancer patients is affected by many factors such as cancer itself and treatment methods. This paper mainly summarizes the process of spermatogenesis, the influence of cancer itself and related treatments on spermatogenesis, and discusses the related measures for male fertility preservation.