Objective To investigate the epidemiological features of otorhinolaryngology head and neck diseases under the environment of high temperature, high humidity, high salinity, intense radiation and more typhoons among officers and soldiers stationed on an island, analyze their pathogenesis, so as to provide reference for establishing a scientific and reasonable medical support program. Methods The clinical information of officers and soldiers in outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery from Jun. 2018 to Jun. 2020 was collected, including gender, age, chief complaint, illness profile, visit time, and diagnosis. Diagnostic classification abiding by ear, nose, pharynx, larynx, head and neck was made. Each diagnosis and its corresponding constituent ratio were calculated. Results The outpatient department of otolaryngology head and neck surgery totally received 1 748 visits, which accounted for 3.79% (1 748/46 121) visits of the island hospital. Ear diseases accounted for 27.86% (487/1 748), with 24 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of the diagnosis was acute otitis externa (n=100, 20.53%), followed by chronic otitis externa (n=70, 14.37%), impacted cerumen (n=56, 11.50%), tinnitus (n=44, 9.03%), otitis externa mycotica (n=34, 6.98%), etc. Nasal diseases accounted for 26.26% (459/1 748), with 14 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of the diagnosis was chronic rhinitis (n=145, 31.59%), followed by allergic rhinitis (n=136, 29.63%), deviation of nasal septum (n=36, 7.84%), epistaxis (n=34, 7.41%), chronic rhinosinusitis (n=33, 7.19%), etc. Pharyngeal diseases accounted for 32.32% (565/1 748), with 12 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of the diagnosis was chronic pharyngitis (n=302, 53.45%), followed by acute pharyngitis (n=169, 29.91%), acute tonsillitis (n=48, 8.50%), chronic tonsillitis (n=25, 4.42%), pharyngeal foreign body (n=7, 1.24%), etc. Laryngeal diseases accounted for 9.55% (167/1 748), with 5 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of diagnosis was chronic laryngitis (n=95, 56.89%), followed by acute laryngitis (n=68, 40.72%), etc. Head and neck diseases accounted for 2.23% (39/1 748), with 8 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of diagnosis was cervical lymphadenitis (n=18, 46.15%), followed by maxillofacial trauma (n=5, 12.82%), temporomandibular joint disturbance syndrome (n=5, 12.82%), etc. Conclusion Under the complex and hostile environment, there are many kinds of otorhinolaryngology head and neck diseases among officers and solders stationed on an island, and most of the diseases are complicated.