With the development of modern economy and society and the change of war patterns, traumatic brain injury has increased rapidly and has become an important global public health problem and a great challenge of medical service support. We retrieved and analyzed traumatic brain injury-related epidemiological data and research progress in recent years, and reviewed the morbidity, mortality, etiology, and clinical diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain injury, so as to contribute to the future research and treatment of traumatic brain injury during peace and war.