Objective To investigate the relationship between sleep status and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution of people stationed on an island. Methods Cluster sampling method was adopted to investigate the personnel stationed on the island using the self-designed demographic questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scale and TCM constitution scale, and 722 qualified questionnaires were obtained. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between sleep status and accumulative time on island. Pearson chi-square test was used to compare the distribution of TCM constitution between insomnia and non-insomnia people. Binary stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to screen the main influencing factors of TCM constitution for insomnia. Results Among the 722 people surveyed, 308 (42.7%) had no sleep disorder and 414 (57.3%) suffered from insomnia. There was a significant difference in the distribution of TCM constitution between insomnia and non-insomnia people (all P＜0.01). The balanced constitution was less in the insomnia personnel, and the other 8 kinds of biased constitution were more. The 3 types of constitution with higher proportion were qi-stagnation constitution (89.6%, 138/154), blood-stasis constitution (88.7%, 149/168), and phlegm-dampness constitution (86.0%, 160/186). The results of binary stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the balanced constitution (β＝－0.647, OR＝0.524, P＝0.036) was a protective factor for insomnia among personnel stationed on island, while qi-deficiency constitution (β＝0.654, OR＝1.906, P＝0.032), dampness-heat constitution (β＝0.607, OR＝1.834, P＝0.042), and qi-stagnation quality (β＝0.705, OR＝2.025, P＝0.049) were risk factors for insomnia. Conclusion The sleep quality of personnel stationed on island is related to the type of TCM constitution. Balanced constitution is a protective factor of insomnia, while qi-deficiency, dampness-heat, and qi-stagnation constitution are the risk factors of insomnia.