Bioaerosol is one of the most important ways for the rapid spread of emergent infectious diseases and a common route of bioweapon attack. Bioaerosol has become a focus in biosafety defense because of its fast diffusion, great protection difficulty and difficult composition identification. Developing a remote detection device based on laser-induced fluorescence light detection and ranging is an effective mean to improve the defense against bioaerosol. This review summarizes the principles, types, progress and application of this technology, so as to elucidate the current status and provide reference for China's biosafety equipment research and development.