Intestinal microflora is an important biological community in human body. Extensive research has been done in this filed, but investigation on the influence of anesthetic drugs on intestinal microflora remains limited. We analyzed the research literature on the interaction between intestinal microflora and inhaled anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, and opioid medications. The results showed that anesthetic drugs could change the composition of the intestinal microflora and influence its function. And these changes were related to postoperative cognitive dysfunction, sepsis, and other diseases. However, current research lacks large-scale studies and comprehensive data analysis. Future efforts should focus on refining research methodologies and transitioning from animal models to human studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, provide guidance for the use of anesthetic drugs, and enhance surgical treatment and postoperative recovery of patients.