Acute pancreatitis is the most common adverse event after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and it remains a challenging clinical issue despite the use of various preventive measures. In recent years, the role of calcineurin in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis has received attention, and its specific inhibitors provide a new and promising direction for preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis. This article reviews the basic and clinical progress on the relationship between calcineurin and its inhibitors and the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis in recent years, hoping to provide more ideas for future research.