An ideal ionizing radiation biomarker should be able to quickly, conveniently and accurately assess the radiation dose received by individuals, and can predict the effect of radiation-induced damage.Radiation dose assessment based on gene or molecular expression profiles is a research focus in the field of radiation biodosimetry.Non-coding RNA and proteomics have the characteristic of high-throughput that allows for rapid and real-time detection, making them highly potential for radiation biodosimetry research.This paper summarizes the research progress of non-coding RNA and proteins as potential radiation biomarkers in recent years, and also reviews their influencing factors and application scenarios.