Objective To investigate the feasibility of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods One hundred and thirty-two TNBC patients who were admitted to The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from Jun. 2014 to Jun. 2017 were divided into NC group (62 patients who received NC followed by BCS) and control group (70 patients who received only conventional standard BCS). The response rate was calculated for patients in the NC group. The general clinicopathological data of the 2 groups were compared. The disease-free survival (DFS) of the 2 groups was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the effect of NC followed by BCS on the DFS was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression method. Results The response rate of patients in the NC group was 96.8% (60/62). There were no differences in age, histological grade, axillary lymph node status or Ki67 index between the 2 groups (all P＞0.05), and the maximum tumor diameter after NC in the NC group was similar to that of the control group (P＞0.05). The ratio of intraventricular cancerous thrombus invasion cases was higher in the NC group than in the control group (P＜0.01). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates in the NC group were 100% (62 cases), 93.5% (58 cases), and 69.4% (43 cases), respectively, with a mean of 55.5 months; the 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates in the control group were 100% (70 cases), 95.7% (67 cases), and 72.9% (51 cases), respectively, with a mean of 55.6 months; and there was no difference in DFS between the 2 groups (P＞0.05). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that BCS after NC was not a risk factor for DFS in patients with TNBC (hazard ratio＝1.133, 95% confidence interval 0.600-2.139, P＝0.701). Conclusion The response rate to NC is high in TNBC patients, and the treatment strategy of BCS after NC is feasible.