Abstract:ObjectiveTo summarize the clinical data of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in our hospital in the past 15 years, and to investigate the mini-invasive rate, resection rate and safety of surgical treatment for RCC.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 2,052 consecutive cases with renal tumors during Jan.1995 to Nov.2009. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the time they were treated. The 1st group: from Jan.1995 to Dec.1999; the 2nd group: from Jan.2000 to Dec.2004; and the 3rd group: from Jan.2005 to Nov.2009.The operation method, resection rate and safety were compared between different groups. ResultsAmong 2,052 patients, 1,516 had T1 stage RCC; 536 cases had T2-4 stage RCC, including 277 with locally advanced RCC (lymphatic metastasis, venous tumor thrombus, resectable local invasion, solitary hepatic or lung metastasis); 217 cases received radical nephrectomy, 41 received palliative surgery, and the surgical procedures were not finished in 19 cases(including 3 died during operation due to cancer embolus defluxion). All the 546 patients in the 1st group received open surgery,including 42 receiving nephron-sparing surgery; for 89 cases with locally advanced RCC, radical nephrectomy was done in 64 cases, palliative surgery in 16 cases, and surgery procedures were not finished in 9 cases (including 2 died during operation due to cancer embolus defluxion). Of the 673 cases in the 2nd group, 556 cases received open surgeries, including 95 receiving nephron-sparing surgery and 117 received laparoscopic surgery (via lumbar flank approach); for the 88 cases with locally advanced RCC, radical nephrectomy was done in 68 cases, palliative surgery in 13 cases, and surgery procedures were not finished in 7 cases (including 1 died during operation due to cancer embolus defluxion). Of the 833 cases in the 3rd group, 248 received open surgery, including 142 cases receiving nephron-sparing surgery and 585 received laparoscopic surgeries; 100 cases had locally advanced RCC, and 85 of them received radical nephrectomy, 12 received palliative surgery, and surgical procedures were not finished in 3 cases, with no death cases during the perioperative period. ConclusionMinimally invasive surgery has become the dominant approach for treatment for renal cell carcinoma owning to fast development of laparoscopy. Improvement in surgical technique has promoted the safety and resectable rate of locally advanced RCC, and nephron-sparing surgery has been more widely used and has gradually been done in a minimally invasive manner. Single-port laparoscopic surgery is gaining increasing attention in treatment of RCC.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo compare different methods for blockage of renal artery in transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, and evaluate the safety and feasibility of direct access to the renal artery. MethodsFrom May 2008 to December 2010, 64 patients with T1N0M0-T2N0M0 stage renal carcinoma underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy using a standard procedure to isolate and block renal artery (group A, 33 patients) or a direct access to the renal artery via ligament of Treitz(left side) or aorta-inferior vena cava (right side; group B, 31 patients). The age, gender, body mass index (BMI), history of previous abdominal surgery, tumor side, tumor maximum diameter, and preoperative TNM stages were all matchable between the two groups. ResultsOne patient in group A was conversed to open surgery due to extensive perirenal adhesion and the others successfully received transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. The operation time, estimated blood loss, intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative TNM stage, postoperative fasting time, postoperative indwelling time of drainage tube, postoperative hospital stay and pathological types were similar between the two groups. Patients with T2 stage tumors in Group B had less intraoperation blood loss than those in Group A (P<0.05). ConclusionDirect access to the renal artery is feasible and safe of transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. The method not only fulfils the tumor-free principles and reduces intraoperative blood loss, but also broadens the indications of laparoscopic operations for renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo compare clinical outcomes of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to identify the indicators for each approach. MethodsA total of 258 patients underwent transperitoneal(n=116) or retroperitoneal(n=142) laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for RCC. The operation time, blood loss during operation, fasting period after surgery and hospital stay were compared between the two groups. ResultsThe operation time was 80-315 min(a mean of \[167±66.8\] min) for transperitoneal approach and 85-280 min(a mean of \[152±48.8\] min) for retroperitoneal approach(P=0.034).The blood loss was 50-1,000 ml (a mean of \[181±140.4\] ml) for transperitoneal approach and 50-800 ml(a mean of \[171±132.9\] ml) for retroperitoneal approach(P=0.544). The fasting period of surgery was 1-5 d (a mean of \[2.8±1.3\] d) for transperitoneal approach and 1-5 d (a mean of \[2.9±1.2\] d) for retroperitoneal approach(P=0.801). The hospital stay was 3-9 d (a mean of \[6.6±1.5\] d) for transperitoneal approach and 3-8 d (a mean of \[6.5±1.6\] d) for retroperitoneal approach(P=0.477). ConclusionTransperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches both can yield satisfactory surgical outcomes in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. The transperitoneal approach is suitable for tumors with a larger size.

Abstract:Objective To compare the surgical characteristics and clinical outcomes of laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery (LNSS) and open nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) for T1a stage renal cell carcinoma. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 115 patients with T1a stage renal cell carcinoma, who were treated with NSS. Fifty-five patients received LNSS and 60 received open NSS. The operation time, renal ischemia time, blood loss, hospital stay, complications and renal function recovery were compared between the two groups. ResultsThe mean operation time periods in LNSS and open NSS group were 165-255 min (a mean of \[212.0±45.3\] min) and 95-138 min (a mean of \[140.7±25.6\] min, P=0.000), the renal ischemia time periods were 25-45 min (a mean of \[41.3±5.4\] min) and 15-26 min (\[24.4±5.7\] min, P=0.000), the blood losses were 100-250 ml (a mean of \[168.8±51.7\] ml) and 200-550 (a mean of \[285.3±77.9\] ml, P=0.000), the periods of hospital stay were 6-10 d (a mean of \[6.2±0.5\] d) and 7-15 d(a mean of \[7.1±0.6\] d, P=0.001), and the complication rates were 7.3%(4/55) and 18.3%(11/60, P=0.044), respectively. The patients were followed up for a median of 18(6-32) months. Except for the cases who were lost to follow-up or dead because of other reasons, there were no local recurrence or distant metastasis. The postoperative double glomerular filtration rates were not statistically different between the two groups(P=0.105).ConclusionLNSS has less blood loss, shorter hospital stay and less complication than open NSS, and longer operation time and renal ischemia time have little influence on renal function and long-term prognosis.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo apply laparoscopy-assisted small incision surgery in complicated urological operation, and to summarize our experience. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 9 patients with renal tumors (3 with solitary kidney tumors, 2 with unilateral multiple tumors, 1 with bilateral tumors, and 3 with contralateral renal insufficiency), 3 patients with renal pelvic ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and multiple stones, and 1 patient with distal ureteral tumor. All patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted small incision surgery in our department from Aug. 2007 to Jun. 2011. The key steps of the surgery were discussed and the clinical experience was summarized. Results (1) For 9 patients with renal tumors, the incision was 4-6 cm in length, the cold ischemia time was （15±4） min, and the operation time ranged from 90 to 180 min. Drainage tubes were removed within 48 h after operation. No patient had bleeding, urinary fistula or other serious complications. (2) For the 3 patients with UPJO, the incision was 4-5 cm in length and the operation time was 110 to 190 min. Drainage tubes were removed within 3-5 d after operation. No patient had bleeding, urinary fistula or other serious complications. No patient had fever or back pain after removal of double-J stents. Intravenous pyelography showed no hydronephrosis and the renal structure was normal. (3) For the patient with ureteral tumor, the drainage tube was removed 3 d after operation and there was no complication. No patients in the present study used analgesic pump or analgesic medications after surgery. ConclusionLaparoscopy-assisted small incision surgery can reduce the length of incision, minimize injury, and protect renal function. Besides, the method is safe and capable of handling complicated situations, especially suitable for patients who are difficult to receive total laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Tongluo recipe on extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) pathway in the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced rat models of type 1 diabetes mellitus, and to explore the renoprotective mechanism of Tongluo recipe. MethodsAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group(A, n=10) and experimental group. Rats in the experimental group were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body mass), and were randomly subdivided into group B (diabetic control, n=10), group C (diabetic rats treated with low dose of Tongluo recipe,0.5 g/\[kg·d\], n=10), group D (diabetic rats treated with medium dose of Tongluo recipe,1.0 g/\[kg·d\], n=10), group E (diabetic rats treated with high dose of Tongluo recipe,2.0 g/\[kg·d\], n=10) and group F (diabetic rats treated with losartan, 30 mg/\[kg·d\],n=10). At the end of the 12th week rats were sacrificed, and the serum glucose, triacylglycerol(TG), total cholesterol(Chol), serum creatinine(Scr), urea nitrogen(BUN) in blood, 24-hour urine protein(Upro24), microalbuminuria (MAU), and creatinine in urine(UCR) were examined. The kidney mass/body mass (KM/BM) and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) were calculated. The left kidneys were collected, weighed and subjected to H-E staining and PAS staining to observe the pathological changes; serum and renal tissue angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ) levels were determined by ELISA; the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2) was detected by immunohistochemical staining and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) protein expression was determined by Western blotting analysis. ResultsCompared with group B, group D had a slighter mesangial proliferation under light microscope. Besides, rats in group D had significantly decreased Ccr, BUN, MAU, and Upro24 in the serum, and decreased Ang Ⅱ in the serum and renal tissue, and decreased KM/BM, VEGF and p-ERK1/2 levels in renal tissue compared with rats in group B(P<0.05). The medium dose of Tongluo recipe and losartan showed similar effects in improving the renal function and inhibiting Ang Ⅱ, VEGF, and p-ERK1/2 expression of diabetic rats. ConclusionThe renoprotective effect of Tongluo recipe may be related to inhibition of ERK1/2 cascade pathway by decreasing the expression of Ang Ⅱ and VEGF.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effects and the possible mechanisms of Tongluo recipe(TLR)on podocyte injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MethodsDiabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(60 mg/kg) dissolved in citrate buffer. The diabetic model rats were randomly divided into two groups(n=12): diabetic mellitus(DM) group and DM+TLR group. Rats in the DM+TLR group received 0.4 g/(kg·d) TLR throughout the experiment. Rats in the DM group and CON group (n=8) were given celiac perfusion of distilled water once at the same time and dose. After 12-week treatment, 24 h urinary protein of rats was determined; the cellular ultrastructures of podocytes were observed by transmission electronic microscope; the number and the density of podocytes in glomerulis were measured by stereological dissector/fractionator methods; the expression of nephrin in renal cortical tissue was detected by Western blotting analysis; the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) were measured in the plasma and renal cortical tissue. ResultsCompared with CON group, DM group and DM+TLR group had significantly increased ratio of kidney mass to body mass, blood glucose, and 24-h proteinuria(all P＜0.01); at the 12th week, the glomerular basement membrane in DM group became conspicuously thick, foot process fusion and microvilli of podocytes were observed, and nephrin expression, podocyte number and podocyte density in the glomerulis were all significantly decreased（P＜0.01）. The morphology of the foot process was almost normal in DM+TLR group, with the basement membrane thickened, but was slighter than that in the DM group; and nephrin expression, podocyte number and podocyte density in DM+TLR group were significantly higher than those in the DM group（P＜0.01）. Compared with CON group, DM group and DM+TLR group had significantly increased MDA content, and significantly decreased SOD and GSH-Px activities in the plasma and renal cortical tissue（P＜0.01, P＜0.05）. Compared with DM group, DM+TLR group had significantly increased SOD and GSH-Px activities and significantly decreased MDA content in plasma and renal cortical tissue（P＜0.01, P＜0.05）. ConclusionTLR can ameliorate podocyte injury probably through depleting free radical production and increasing activities of antioxidatant.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the effect and mechanism of sirolimus on cell proliferation and expression of origin recognition complex 1 (ORC1) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro. MethodsVSMCs were randomly divided into two groups, three bottles/well per group; synchronization of cells was achieved by serum starvation. Control group was cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS, and experimental group was cultured in DMEM with 10 μmol/L sirolimus plus 10% FBS. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, VSMC ultramicrostructure was observed under electron microscope, and expressions of P53,cyclin D1, cyclin A, and ORC1 mRNA and protein were displayed by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis during 0-48 h of culture. ResultsCompared with control group, the positive rate of PCNA protein in experimental group was significantly decreased after 48 h culture (\[20±2.1\]% vs \[80±3.0\]%, P＜0.05), P53 protein expression was significantly increased (P＜0.05), with evidence of pyknosis. The expression of cyclin D1 was slightly increased in the experimental group (P>0.05), and the expression of cyclin A was significantly decreased after 48 h culture(P<0.05). ORC1 mRNA expression in the control group was increased during 0-12 h and decreased during 24-48 h, with the expression peaked at 12 h. In the experimental group ORC1 mRNA expression was kept at a high level, with the expression at 48 h being significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); similar results were also found for ORC1 protein expression. ConclusionSirolimus can inhibit the proliferation of VSMCs and promote their apoptosis. The inhibition of VSMCs proliferation may be through preventing cell transformation of G0/G1 phase to S phase and keeping cells at resting phase. The effect of ORC1 in cell cycle occurs at the upstream of sirolimus, which further supports that ORC1 participates in the initiation process of DNA replication.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 against PC12 cell apoptosis induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinum(MPP+). MethodsMPP+-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, with the characteristics of dopaminergic neuron, were taken as the model of Parkinson disease in vitro. The cells were divided into control group, MPP+ group and 3 ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment groups (concentrations 10, 20, and 50 μmol/L). MTT assay was used for detecting the cell viability, FCM for apoptosis ratio, TUNEL enzyme labelling for DNA fragment of the cell nuclear, and Western blotting analysis for cytochrome C protein.ResultsGinsenoside Rg1 (10, 20, and 50 μmol/L) showed protective effect against MPP+-induced PC12 cells injury. Compared with MPP+-treated cells(\[52±4.7\]%), pretreatment with 10, 20, and 50 μmol/L ginsenoside Rg1 increased the cell viability to (64±3.4)%, (72±5.2)% and (83±6.2)%, respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01). FCM analysis indicated that apoptosis rates decreased by ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment, with the apoptosis rates in the control, MPP+ and 3 ginsenoside Rg1 groups (10, 20, 50 μmol/L) being 1.8%, 44.5%, 32.9%, 21.1% and 14.2%, respectively. We also found that ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment greatly decreased DNA fragment of PC12 cells. Western blotting analysis indicated that the cytochrome C was depressed by the ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment. ConclusionGinsenoside Rg1 can protect PC12 cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, which may be closely related to down-regulation of cytochrome C over-expression in the mitochondria.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the effect of ablation of left superior pulmonary vein fat pad(LSPV-FP) on atrial fibrillation(AF). MethodsTwelve healthy adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized and ventilated; both cervical vagosympathetic trunks were exposed for stimulation. Thoracotomies at the 4th intercostal space of left and right chest were performed to expose the LSPV-FP. The effective refractory period(ERP)/ERP-dispersion (dERP) of atrium and LSPV, AF inducibility, and the ventricular rate of AF were measured in the following statuses: baseline, vagosympathetic trunk stimulation(VTS), LSPV-FP ablation, and VTS post LSPV-FP ablation. ResultsAt baseline status, stimulation of the left or right vagosympathetic trunks significantly shortened the ERP of atrial ( \[84.44±29.50\] ms vs \[129.7±15.83\] ms, \[85.42±26.11\] ms vs \[129.7±15.83\] ms, P<0.05), increased the dERP of atrial ( \[71.67±14.03\] ms vs \[34.17±18.32\] ms,\[57.5±24.17\] ms vs \[34.17±18.32\] ms, P<0.05), the difference of ERP between proximal and distal of LSPV(P<0.05),AF inducibility ( \[5.33±1.231\] times vs \[0.75±0.96\] times, \[4.67±1.155\] times vs \[0.75±0.96\] times, P<0.05), and deceased the ventricular rate of AF(\[143.6±22.42\] beats/min vs \[226.3±28.50\] beats/min, \[146.4±30.72\] times/min vs \[226.3±28.50\] times/min, P<0.05). LSPV-FP ablation significantly attenuated all the above electrophysiological changes induced by left VTS(P<0.05), but showed no effects on those induced by right VTS. Conclusion Left vagosympathetic trunk plays an important role in the development and maintenance of AF partially through LSPV-FP.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the positive rate of PF4/H antibodies in maintenance hemodialysis patients, and to analyze its risk factor and association with thrombosis. MethodsA total of 157 maintenance hemodialysis patients were recruited in the present study. A cross-sectional and a longitude study were designed, and statistical analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of PF4/H antibody level and its association with thrombosis event. ResultsWe found that 40.8%(64/157) of the patients were positive for PF4/H antibody. Past-thrombosis events, heparin types, duration and weekly dialysis hours were significantly different between antibody-positive group and antibody-negative group(P<0.05). Incidence of thrombosis event in antibody-positive group was significantly lower than that in the antibody-negative group(P<0.05). The risk ratio of antibody positivity for thrombosis event was 2.349. The incidence of thrombotic event in antibody-positive patients who took anti-platelet agents was lower than that in those who did not take. ConclusionThe positive rate of PF4/H antibody has been found to be 40.8% in the present group. Thrombosis events, heparin types, duration and weekly dialysis hours are the risk factors of PF4/H antibody level. PF4/H antibody can serve as a marker for thrombotic events, and anti-platelet agents are effective for preventing from thrombotic events in PF4/H antibody positive patients.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the association of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 3p and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) expression with clinicopathological features of breast cancer. MethodsA total of 40 specimens of breast invasive ductal carcinoma were analyzed in the present study. The ductal carcinoma cells and normal breast cells were microdissected from the paraffin sections. Capillary electrophoresis method was used to detect LOH of four microsatellite loci located in the 3p site. Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate the expression of CD34, VEGF and Her2 proteins in the 40 specimens. The association of LOH with the clinicopathological characteristics of breast carcinoma was evaluated. ResultsWe found that in the 40 specimens LOH of D3S1038 was 20%(8/40), LOH of D3S1295 was 37.5%(15/40), LOH of D3S1581 was 17.5%(7/40), and LOH of D3S3118 was 5%(2/40). LOH was positively correlated with expression of VEGF (r=0.658 0, P<0.01) and MVD (r=0.804 9, P<0.01). We also found that LOH was significantly related to Her2 (r=0.539 4), differentiation(r=0.497 2), lymph node metastasis(r=0.506 4), and TNM stage(r=0.596 0, all P<0.01). ConclusionLOH at chromosome 3p microsatellite loci is correlated with angiogenesis. Inactivation of tumor suppressor may influence angiogenesis and subsequently promote tumor growth and metastasis. Detection of LOH at chromosome 3p microsatellite loci together with angiogenesis can help to fully understand the biological characteristics of breast cancer.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo systematically analyze the studies investigating the outcomes of once-yearly administered intravenous zoledronic acid for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis fracture. MethodsCochrane’s systematic review methods were used to retrieve the randomized controlled trials (RCT) about decreasing the risks of osteoporosis fracture in postmenopausal women by zoledronic acid from Cochrane Library, PubMed(Jan. 1966 to Apr. 2011), OVID(Jan. 1993 to Apr. 2011), EMBASE(Jan. 1974 to Apr. 2011), CNKI (Jan. 1979 to Apr. 2011), and VIP (Jan. 1989 to Apr. 2011) database. The studies were limited to human studies including bone fracture rates and follow-up for 2-3 years. All literatures identified from the data sources were evaluated for review inclusion, and the methodology of the included literatures was evaluated. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.0.25 software. ResultsThree randomized controlled studies met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 11 947 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Meta analysis results showed that zoledronic acid could reduce clinical vertebral fractures, hip fractures and nonvertebral-nonhip fractures by 75% (RR=0.25, 95%CI: 0.18-0.36), 33% (RR=0.67, 95%CI: 0.52-0.85), and 24% (RR=0.76, 95%CI: 0.67-0.87), respectively (P<0.05 for all comparisons). The incidence rates of serious adverse events were not significantly different between zoledronic acid group and placebo group. ConclusionOnce-yearly intravenous injection of zoledronic acid (5 mg) can effectively prevent osteoporosis fracture in postmenopausal women without increasing the risk of serious adverse events.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo synthesize P123ylated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) copolymers and to evaluate the feasibility of using the copolymers as gene delivery agent. MethodsPluronic P123 modified PAMMA copolymers were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity of the dendrimers was evaluated by the MTT assay using A375, 293T and HepG2 cells. The transfection efficiency of the complexes formed by plasmid with P123ylated PAMAM was evaluated using HepG2 cells. ResultsThe P123ylated PAMAM copolymers had a high purity; the particle sizes and zeta potentials of the complexes were suitable for gene delivery. P123ylated PAMAM could decrease cytotoxicity and increase in vitro transfection efficiency. ConclusionP123ylated PAMAM is a new copolymers agent suitable for gene delivery.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo extract and identify the chemical constituents in the leaf and stem of Ervatamia officinalis. MethodsThe solvent extraction approach and silica column chromatography were used to separate the chemical constituents, and their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectra analysis. ResultsTen compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as α-amyrin(1),α-amyrin acetate(2),palmitic acid(3),tetratriacontanol(4),stigmasterol(5),β-daucosterol(6), lupeol(7), calycosin(8), luteolin(9), and glaucocalyxin A(10). ConclusionCompound 1,3~10 have been isolated from this plant for the first time,and compound 7, 9 and 10 have been isolated from Ervatamia genus for the first time.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the antifungal effect of 5 azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and sulconazole) against drug-resistant Candida albicans. MethodsEight strains of drug-resistant Candida albicans and two strains of drug-susceptible Candida albicans were used in this study. The minimal inhibitory concentration for 80% (MIC80) of each individual antifungal drug was determined by broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing; the MIC80 of the antifungal drug was also determined when in combination with H2O2 by checkerboard microdilution assay. Then the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated to decide the synergism, indifference, or antagonism of H2O2 with azoles. ResultsThe FICI values of the 8 drug-resistant strains for combination of H2O2 with 5 azoles were less than 0.5, indicating the presence of synergism. The FICI values of the two drug-susceptible strains were between 0.5 and 2, indicating the presence of indifference. ConclusionH2O2 and the azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and sulconazole) possess synergism effect against drug-resistant Candida albicans.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the effects of Danshen co-microemulsion (Co-ME) in treatment of acute myocardial ischemia induced by pituitrin in rats. MethodsThe experimental model of myocardial ischemia was produced by injecting pituitrin into the sublingual vein of rats. The serum level of malonaldehyde(MDA) and the activities of phosphocreatine kinase (PCK) , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and erythrocuprein (SOD) were examined in Co-ME, salvianolic acid microemulsion, tanshinone microemulsion, tanshinones suspension and blank microemulsion groups 30 min after injection of pituitrin. ResultsCo-ME, tanshinone microemulsion, salvianolic acid microemulsion and tanshinone suspension all improved myocardial eschemia to some extent; besides, they also decreased PCK, LDH activities and MDA content, and increased SOD activity. The therapeutic effect of Co-ME group was superior to those for the tanshinone microemulsion and salvianolic acid microemulsion groups, and significantly better than that of tanshinone suspension group (P<0.05). ConclusionMicroemulsion system can greatly promote the absorbance and bioavailability of tanshinone, displaying a therapeutic effect for acute myocardial ischemia. Salvianolic acids combined with tanshinones can promote the therapeutic effect.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo analyze the topological properties of genomic-wide genetic interaction network in yeast. MethodsThe topological properties of genomic-wide genetic interaction network in yeast were calculated by the graph theory. ResultsA power law fit the degree distribution well in the genomic-wide genetic interaction network in yeast, with the exponent approaching 3. The Node’s degree followed a wide-tail distribution, with the average degree being 87. Two thirds of the genes had genetic interaction via only one gene, and about one third of the genes had genetic interaction via only 2 genes. The average clustering coefficient was 0.047. ConclusionThe gene function in yeast is usually multiple and the functional interaction between genes is highly condensed.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of peripheral pain threshold after knockout of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1) gene. MethodsTail-Flick Analgesia Meter and von-Frey hair were used to determine the peripheral thermal and mechanical thresholds in TRPV1 knockout and wild-type female mice, and the results of the two groups were compared. ResultsThe Tail-Flick latency in TRPV1 knockout mice was significantly prolonged after hot stimulation compared with that in the wild-type group(\[3.59±0.65\] s vs \[2.19±0.24\] s, P<0.05).There was no significant change in responses to von-Frey hair stimuli between the two groups(\[1.71±0.57\] g vs \[2.13±0.81\] g,P>0.05). ConclusionIt is suggested that TRPV1 receptor mediate thermal stimuli response under physiological condition, and has no noticeable influence on mechanical stimuli response.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo retrospectively analyze the clinical data of 16 patients with renal cell carcinoma complicated with sarcomatoid differentiation, so as to discuss the treatment and prognosis of the condition. MethodsA total of 547 patients with renal cell carcinoma were admitted in our department during 2005-2009, and 16(2.9%) of them also had sarcomatoid differentiation, including 7 males and 9 females, aged (52 ± 10) years old, ranging 36-70 years old. Gross hematuria was found in 5 patients, backache in 5, fatigue and weight loss in 2, cough and hemoptysis in 1; and 3 patients were accidentally found with renal occupation during physical examination. All tumors were solitary, with 7 in the left and 9 in right. The maximum tumor diameter was (7.8±4.1) cm, ranging 2-15 cm. Full examination was done to confirm the tumor stage preoperatively. Preoperative examination showed that 2 patients had retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement,1 had right pulmonary hila lymphatic metastasis, 1 had liver metastasis, 2 had renal vein and (or) the inferior vena cava tumor thrombi, 3 had bone metastases, 1 had invasion of ipsilateral adrenal gland, and 1 had invasion of the upper ureter. All the 16 patients underwent surgical treatment,and their specimens were subjected to H-E staining and immunohistochemical examination. Five patients were treated with INF-α after operation and were followed up. ResultsAll patients received radical nephrectomy. Pathological examination showed that 9 patients had clear cell renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation, 3 had chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation, and the other 4 had unclassified renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid differentiation. No recurrence or metastasis was seen in the 4 pT1N0M0 patients. All the pT2-T4 patients died, with the progression-free survival time being (5.6±4.5) months, ranging 2-16 months; the overall survival time was (8.3±5.6) months, ranging 3-20 months. ConclusionPreoperation staging of patients with renal cell carcinoma complicated with sarcomatoid differentiation has a great impact on patient survival. Operation is the most effective treatment for patients with early stage, and routine follow-up examination is recommended postoperatively.Targeted therapy may be an effective way for patients of advanced stage.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore an easily-controllable, environmentally-friendly method for synthesizing monastrol and its derivatives. MethodsMonastrol and its derivatives were synthesized using (substituted) benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and thiourea (or urea) as the material through a Biginelli reaction catalyzed by green room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-L-camphorsulfonate under microwave irradiation without solvent. ResultsThe green room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-L-camphorsulfonate catalyzed Biginelli reaction in obtaining the title compound under microwave irradiation without solvent. The process was easy to operate, time saving and environmentally-friendly. ConclusionMicrowave-accelerated solvent-free Biginelli reaction using green room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-L-camphorsulfonate as catalyst is a convenient and environmentally-friendly method for synthesizing monastrol and its derivatives.

Abstract:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple joints, and currently it still leads to high disability rate of the joints and high mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce joint deformities. The recently discovered anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies(ACPA) can be detected before damage to the joints occurs. Compared with classical rheumatoid factor (RF) ACPA has higher specificity and similar sensitivity in diagnosing RA. Some studies have showned that anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies play an important role in the early diagnosis of RA and prediction of prognosis; epidemiological evidences also show that ACPA plays an important role on the pathogenesis of RA.

Abstract:Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(ADPKD) is the most common single gene hereditary kidney disease, which is characterized by formation and persistent growth of renal cysts, damaging the structure and function of the kidneys and finally leading to end stage renal disease. By now there has been no effective therapy in clinical practice. Triptolide, an active diterpene extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine Leigongteng, has anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation effect. Animal studies have shown that triptolide can inhibit cyst formation and protect the renal function, laying a foundation for future clinical use.

Abstract:Stem cells possess unlimited self-renewal properties and the ability to produce multiple differentiation progenitors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can specifically migrate to multiple kinds of tumors and their metastases in a systemic manner(to all parts of the body). Therefore genetically modified MSCs can serve as vehicle of anticancer factors to inhibit growth of tumor. But many questions remain to be answered and the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This paper reviews the mechanism of MSC homing, MSCs as delivery vectors for cancer therapy and its advantages over traditional drug vehicle. MSCs as delivery vectors can be used for cellular therapy in future cancer treatment.

Abstract:目的 观察洛伐他汀对人常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病(ADPKD)囊肿衬里上皮细胞COLⅠα1基因启动子活性的影响。方法 用FuGENE转染法将pCOLH0.27或pCOLH2.5重组体瞬时转染至ADPKD囊肿衬里上皮细胞,用不同浓度的洛伐他汀和香叶基香叶基焦磷酸(GGPP)处理转染细胞,24 h后,用ELISA法测定细胞报告基因CAT表达量。以未加入药物孔的CAT值为1,计算出实验孔CAT的相对表达量。结果 瞬时转染pCOLH0.27或pCOLH2.5的ADPKD囊肿衬里上皮细胞,经10或50 μmol/L洛伐他汀处理24 h后,pCOLH0.27与pCOLH2.5的活性均受明显抑制。10 μmol/L洛伐他汀使pCOLH0.27与pCOLH2.5活性分别下降22%和26%(P<0.05),50 μmol/L洛伐他汀使pCOLH0.27与pCOLH2.5活性分别下降37%和39%(P<0.01)。洛伐他汀对pCOLH0.27与pCOLH2.5活性的抑制水平相近。GGPP可逆转这一作用(P<0.01)。结论 洛伐他汀对ADPKD囊肿衬里上皮细胞COLⅠα1基因启动子活性有明显抑制作用。洛伐他汀的这一作用可能与其抑制GGPP产生,从而阻断促纤维化细胞因子信号转导有关。

Abstract:目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法测定乌金胶囊中延胡索乙素含量,并应用于该制剂质量控制。方法 使用Agilent Extend-C18柱 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸(以三乙胺调pH值至6.0)=5545为流动相,流速1.0 ml/min,柱温35℃,检测波长280 nm,测定5批次乌金胶囊中延胡索乙素含量。结果 延胡索乙素在1.09～21.8 μg/ml(r=0.999 9)范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为98.62%,RSD=1.26% (n=6)。5批次乌金胶囊中延胡索乙素含量在15.87～50.57 μg/g。结论 反相高效液相色谱法灵敏、准确,适用于乌金胶囊中延胡索乙素的质量控制。

Abstract:目的 探讨心理因素自我效感能、自我控制感与科利奥力(Coriolis)转椅诱发晕动症状的关系。方法 对某院校386名本科学员进行Coriolis加速度测试,采用格瑞比尔(Graybiel)6级评分标准进行晕动反应评估。受试者在测试前填写自我效能感量表、自我控制感量表。分析自我效能感、自我控制感与晕动症状的关系。结果 自我效能感与实验室环境Coriolis转椅诱发晕动症状呈负相关(r=-0.386,P<0.01)。Graybiel各等级人员组间自我效能感得分差异有统计学意义(F=7.614,P=0.001)。结论 自我效能感为针对性地开展提高实验室晕动耐受性的心理训练提供了重要依据。

Abstract:抗生素的合理使用是每个医护人都常遇到的问题。以往对各种开腹手术预防性抗感染用药问题已经进行了深入的调查和研究，普遍存在使用抗生素时间过长及不必要联合用药等问题。目前腹腔镜手术作为一种微创手术已在我国广泛开展，由于它具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点，在妇科领域腹腔镜的应用日趋普遍，因此腹腔镜手术的预防性抗生素应用问题是一个值得探讨的新问题，合理用药可以杜绝抗生素的滥用，减少患者的经济负担和社会资源的浪费，减少护理工作量，合理配备护理人力资源，更大限度的提高患者满意度。本研究回顾性的分析我院腹腔镜卵巢囊肿手术预防性应用抗生素的效果及方法，以期为腹腔镜手术的抗生素应用提供有益的借鉴。