Abstract:In March 2013, death caused by infection with the novel H7N9 avian influenza virus was firstly reported in China. In addition to the viral evolution factors such as gene recombination and variation in key amino acid sites, social factors also contribute to human infection of the deadly virus. By now China still needs a standardized poultry breeding process, an orderly poultry trade market, a strong health awareness among poultry-related workers, and a strong self-protection awareness among all citizens. Social factors may increase the chance of influenza virus transmission from birds to humans via increasing close contact. Therefore, a close joint effort of related government departments, including the agriculture, forestry, and medication, is needed for effective control and surveillance of H7N9 epidemic. The health protection and risk awareness should be upgraded among the citizens through health education. Meanwhile, research and development of influenza vaccine should be accelerated based on the surveillance data of the influenza virus evolution. Public health prophylaxis based on social influencing factors should be important in reducing the incidence of avian flu infection in human.

Abstract:A novel avian influenza was discovered in Mainland China in March 2013, and the virus was identified as avian influenza A (H7N9)-a new virus that has not been reported previously before. Further research showed that the virus was probably a combination of three different subtypes of influenza A virus. By May 31, a total of 131 confirmed cases have been reported in China, including 39 deaths. Shanghai reported 33 confirmed cases, with the onset of 29 cases found before closing the live poultry markets by the municipal government on April 6. The onsets of the rest 4 cases were all found during the first incubation period after the closure. We found that 66.7% (22/33) of the confirmed cases in Shanghai were above 60 years of age, and of the 15 deaths, 80% (12/15) were aged above 60 years old. It was also noted that 90.9% (30/33) of the confirmed cases had an exposure history to susceptible animals or environmental circumstances. The cases appeared to be sporadic; although there were two family clusters, no evidence of human-to-human transmission has been found so far. Shanghai municipal government activated the Flu Pandemic Preparedness and Response Plan (Level Ⅲ) on April 2, 2013, timely after the first few cases was identified. The rapid responses of public health emergencies included citywide suspending of live poultry markets, health education, and risk communication; the epidemic was controlled effectively and timely. In this paper we analyzed the pros and cons of our prevention and control strategies, hoping to provide reference for future epidemics.

Abstract:H7N9 virus is a novel avian-origin virus. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the virus play key roles in the interspecies transmission, viral replication and pathogenicity. One of significant characters of H7N9 is that it has no noticeable pathogenicity among poultry, but is highly pathogenic for human being and is associated with high mortality. H7 subtype avian virus can be compatible with different NA subtypes, and has caused many infection events in human being. It can be predicted that the influence of H7 subtype avian influenza A virus will persist and lead to serious public health problem, and therefore deserves more attention. Establishment of prevetion and control network can help to reduce the threat of H7N9 virus to human health.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the evolution and variations in coding amino acids of hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the novel avian influenza virus H7N9 in 2013 epidemic. Methods The HA gene sequences of influenza virus H7N9, H7N2, H7N3 and H7N7 subtypes were downloaded from the database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and The Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). MEGA 5.05 software was used for sequence analysis and N-J method was used for constructing the phylogenetic trees. The amino acid sequences at the receptor binding sites, glycosylation sites, and cleavage sites was aligned and analyzed. Results The HA genes this novel A/H7N9 virus in 2013 shared a 95.3%-95.6% similarity with JQ906573.1|Zhejiang (H7N3 virus) isolated in 2011. The most important variation in this novel H7N9 isolates was found at the receptor binding site: Q226L. The 5 glycosylation sites were highly conservative. One basic amino acid (R) at the HA cleavage sites, located between aa339 and aa340, was also found in this novel isolate. Conclusion The HA gene of this novel H7N9 isolate might originate from H7 subtypes carried by birds in China. The binding site change caused by Q226L variation might be responsible for human infection of this novel H7N9 isolate.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the evolutionary characteristics and important amino acid sites of the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the novel influenza virus A/H7N9 in 2013 epidemic. Methods The NA gene sequences of influenza virus A N9 subtype of different times and areas were downloaded from the database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and The Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). MEGA 5.05 and BioEdit softwares were used for phylogenetic tree construction and nucleotide/protein sequence analysis. Results The NA gene sequence of the novel influenza virus A/H7N9 in 2013 shared a 96% similarity with that of the H11N9 avian strain found in Czech Republic in 2010. There were 5 amino acid deletions in this novel influenza virus, and one of the new strains had a variation in potential enzymatic active sites. Conclusion The NA gene of this 2013 novel influenza virus might originate from the avian H11N9 strains detected in Czech Republic. The deletion of amino acid might result in human infection and high fatality rate.

Abstract:Objective To conduct a bibliometric analysis of international scientific literatures on research of avian influenza. Methods We performed a search in the Web of Science (WoS) database and analyzed the relevant records with Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA) and citation trees. Results Due to the rapid growth in publications by the United States and China, the number of publications on research of avian influenza has increased remarkably since 2005. The publication of Japan and Netherlands were of high quality due to support of international research programs. The researches about H5N1 virus mutation by the United States, Japan and Netherlands were the typical achievement of the area but also triggered arguments. Conclusion More international efforts are warranted on research of H7N9 and other influenza viruses.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effect of doxycycline against ovarian cancer cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods MTT assay was used to test the tumor cell viability after treated with doxycycline alone or in combination with cisplatin. RT-RCR was used to examine CXCR4 mRNA expression in HO8910 cells. Western blotting analysis was used to determine CXCR4 protein expression after doxycycline treatment. Results Treatment with low dose of doxycycline (10 μg/mL) for 48 hours notably inhibited the proliferation of ovarian cancer cell HO8910 (P<0.01), with the inhibition rate being (70±2)% when doxycycline concentration was at 50 μg/mL. Doxycycline combined with cisplatin had greater inhibitory effect against HO8910 cells compared with cisplatin alone at the same concentration. Doxycycline treatment down-regulated CXCR4 expression in HO8910 cells. Conclusion Doxycycline has a definite inhibitory effect against proliferation of ovarian cancer HO8910 cells, and it can increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to cisplatin, which may involve SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the role of compensatory activation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling in acquired resistance to lapatinib of breast cancer cells BT474 and the related mechanism. Methods Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis were used to determine the changes of HER2 and ERα pathways in BT474 cells treated by lapatinib. Acquired resistant model of rBT474 cells was induced with increasing concentrations of lapatinib (from 0.25 μmol/L to 5 μmol/L); the apoptosis in rBT474 cells was determined by flow cytometry. Western blotting analysis was used to evaluate the differences between BT474 and rBT474 in the HER2 and ER pathways. The growth of rBT474 cells treated by lapatinib and/or fulvestrant was detected by MTT assay, and colony formation was used to observe the possibility of preventing acquired resistance to lapatinib in BT474 cells by double targets therapy. Results The results of real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that Lapatinib inhibited phosphorylation of HER2 and induced expression of forkhead-box protein O 3A (FOXO3a) and progesterone receptor (PR) in BT474 cells. Acquired resistance cell model of rBT474 was established in a 5 μmol/L lapatinib condition. Western blotting analysis showed that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway was inhibited in rBT474 cells compared with that in the BT474 cells, while the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, especially the ER pathway, were activated in the BT474 cells. MTT results showed that, Lapatinib combined with fulvestrant had a significantly greater inhibition on rBT474 cell vitality compared with lapatinib alone (P<0.01). Colony formation results also showed that combination of lapatinib and fulvestrant had a significantly greater inhibition effect against colon formation of BT474 cells compared with each drug alone and DMSO (P<0.01), showing a possible prevention ability against acquired resistance.Conclusion Compensatory activation of estrogen receptor α signaling might be one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to lapatinib in HER2-overexpressing/ERα-positive breast cancer cells, and inhibition of PI3K/AKT and activation of MAPK might be the main reason for compensatory activation of ERα.

Abstract:Objective To transfect CXCR4 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-CXCR4 plasmids into renal carcinoma cell line A498 cells to prepare cell lines stably expressing CXCR4. Methods Two specific plasmids containing CXCR4 or EGFP-CXCR4 were transfected into renal cell carcinoma cell line A498. Then the cells stably expressing CXCR4 were screened by using G418. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the changes of EGFP-CXCR4 fusion protein in A498 cells before and after stimulation with SDF-1. Western blotting analysis was used to determine CXCR4 expression after transfection. Proliferation of A498 cells was detected by MTT and the invasion ability of cells was detected by transwell assay. Results The sequencing result of two plasmids was consistent with CXCR4 DNA sequence, and two cell lines were screened out by G418 screening after the plasmids were transfected into A498 cells. EGFP-CXCR4 fusion protein was found in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of EGFP-CXCR4 transfection group under confocal microscopy. EGFP-CXCR4 migrated into cells after SDF-1 stimulation. Western blotting analysis revealed higher CXCR4 expression in A498 cells stably transfected with CXCR4 plasmids compared with normal A498 cells. The proliferation of cells in pCNDA-CXCR4 and pEGFP-CXCR4 groups were significantly higher than that in normal A498 cell group (P<0.01). Transwell assay showed that the cell invasion ability of cells with stable CXCR4 expression was significantly increased compared with that in the normal A498 cell group (P<0.01). Conclusion We have successfully established A498 cell lines stably expressing CXCR4, which have enhanced proliferation levels and higher invasive ability.

Abstract:Objective To prepare and characterize liposome with mAb(CD11c-imliposomes) and to validate its targeting to dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Methods Liposomes were prepared by film dispersion method, and CD11c mAb was collected to the surface of liposome by chemical cross-linking method. The conjugation efficiency of CD11c mAb to the liposome was determined by HPLC; the morphology of CD11c-imliposomes was observed under transmission electron microscope; the particle size and Zata potential were determined by dynamic light-scattering; the activity of CD11c mAb was examined by flow cytometry; and its specific targeting to DCs was visualized by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Results The CD11c-imliposomes were successfully prepared and the conjugation efficiency was (77.6±3.2)%, with the particle size being (151.2±1.6) nm and the Zeta potential being (-32.0±1.8) mV. Under microscope, the CD11c-imliposomes were mostly round in shape or elliptical, with smooth surface and with no adhesion. The activity of CD11c-imliposomes was still satisfactory and demonstrated great targeting to DCs in vitro. Conclusion The CD11c-imliposomes prepared by us has targeting ability to DCs in vitro.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate on radiation-induced lung injury in rats and to discuss the related mechanism. Methods Rat models of radiation-induced lung injury were produced by 6 MV X ray radiation, and then the animals were divided into model control group and low-, medium- and high-dose (200, 100, 50 mg/\[kg·d\]) epigallocatechin gallate groups. The pulmonary histopathological changes and collagen disposition were observed by H-E staining and Van Gieson (VG) staining, and the scores of alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis were calculated. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in lung tissues was examined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined by xanthine oxidase method. Results Apparent alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis were observed in model rats at 40 d after radiation, and the scores of the alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis were signficantly lower in medium- and high-dose epigallocatechin gallate groups than in the model control group (P<0.01), and there was no difference between the low-dose epigallocatechin gallate group and the model control group. Pulmonary TNFα and TGFβ expression was significantly lower in the medium- and high-dose epigallocatechin gallate groups than in the model control group and low-dose epigallocatechin gallate groups at 10 d, 20 d, and 40 d after radiation (P<0.01 or P<0.05) , while SOD activity in the former two groups were significantly higher compared with those in the model control group and low-dose epigallocatechin gallate groups(P<0.05). Conclusion Medium- and high-dose epigallocatechin gallate can ameliorate the alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis in radiation-induced lung injury in rats, which might be associated with the inhibition of TNF-α, TGF-β expression and promotion of SOD activity.

Abstract:Objective To explore the expression of YKL-40 and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in condyloma acuminatum (CA) tissues and the related significance. Methods The expressions of YKL-40 and VEGF were analyzed by immunocytochemical staining with streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) in 33 CA tissues and 10 foreskin tissues of normal person. Results The expression intensities of YKL-40 and VEGF varied largely from positive () to strongly positive () in CA tissues compared with negative (-) and positive (+) in normal foreskin tissues. The expressions of YKL-40 and VEGF proteins in CA tissues were significantly different from those in the normal human controls(P<0.05). No correlation was found between the expression of YKL-40 and VEGF proteins in CA tissues (r=0.27, P>0.05), and their expressions were not correlated with other clinical factors (P>0.05). Conclusion YKL-40 and VEGF are over-expressed in CA tissues, which may play a part in the occurrence and development of CA.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the expression of forkhead box M1(FoxM1) transcription factor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues, and to discuss the related clinicopathological implications. Methods Immunohistochemistry method was used to examine the expression of FoxM1 and COX-2 in 80 NPC tissues and 40 normal nasopharyngeal mucosa tissues. The relationship of FoxM1 and COX-2 expression with the clinicopathological parameters of NPC was analyzed; we also analyzed the correlation between the FoxM1 and COX-2 expression. Results FoxM1 and COX-2 expressions were significantly higher in NPC tissues compared to normal nasopharyngeal mucosa tissues (FoxM1: 68.8% \[55/80\] vs 2.5% \[1/40\]; COX-2: 62.5% \[50/80\] vs 5.0% \[2/40\]; P<0.05). The expression of FoxM1 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (rs=0.252, P<0.05) and clinical stage of NPC (rs=0.230, P<0.05), and expression of COX-2 was also significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (rs=0.287, P<0.05) and clinical stage of NPC (rs=0.239, P<0.05). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between FoxM1 and COX-2 expression (rs =0.631, P<0.05), indicating a direct or indirect interaction between them. Conclusion Increased expression of FoxM1 and COX-2 in NPC tissues might be associated with the development and progression of NPC.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the microstructural and hemodynamic characteristics of the temporal lobes following radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with normal MRI manifestations. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging (DSCE-MR) were performed in 56 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients, including 14 pre-radiotherapy patients (control group) and 42 post-radiotherapy patients; the latter was evenly divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (0-6 months after radiation therapy), Group 2 (6-12 months after radiation therapy), and Group 3 (>12 months after radiation therapy). The fractional anisotropy (FA) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were calculated in bilateral temporal lobes before and after radiotherapy. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) test was used for comparison among groups. Results The FA values of the pre-radiation and three post-radiation groups were 0.48±0.04, 0.37±0.03, 0.42±0.04, and 0.43±0.03, respectively, showing significant difference among groups (F=13.897, P<0.01). Multiple comparisons showed that the FA values in the three post-radiation groups were significantly decreased compared with that in the pre-radiation group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The FA values in Group 2 and Group 3 were higher than that in Group 1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The mean rCBF values of the pre-radiation and the three post-radiation groups were 23.21±3.67, 17.56±3.01, 18.58±3.48, and 20.34±2.59, respectively, showing significant difference among groups (F=8.714,P<0.01). The rCBF values in the three post-radiation groups were significantly decreased compared to that in the pre-radiation group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). And the rCBF value in Group 3 was significantly higher than that in Group 1 (P<0.05). Conclusion DTI and DSCE perfusion MRI can detect micro-injury of brain tissue and can be used for early monitoring and evaluation of radiation-induced injury. Blood vessel injury may have participated in the early radiotherapy-induced brain injury.

Abstract:Objective To assess the safety, feasibility and efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic-assisted mini-incision partial nephrectomy in treatment of R.E.N.A.L. tumors with R.E.N.A.L. score ≥7, and to evaluate its clinical significance. Methods Between January 2011 and November 2012, retroperitoneal laparoscopic-assisted mini-incision partial nephrectomy was performed in 19 R.E.N.A.L. tumor patients with R.E.N.A.L. score ≥7 at our institution. The information of patients was: male/female, 10/9; age (48.5±14.0) years old; body mass index (24.0±2.6) kg/m²; ASA score (1.9±0.4); Charlson co-morbidity index (age-weighted) 0.6±0.2; tumor laterality (L/R) 11/8; maximal diameter (3.3±1.2) cm; R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score 8.6±0.9; and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (\[104.8±24.0\] mL/\[min·1.73 m²\]). The R.E.N.A.L. pedicle, involved kidney and tumors were exposed by retroperitoneal laparoscopic techniques. A mini-incision was made along the line between the two original subcostal trocar sites. The R.E.N.A.L. pedicle was clamped and ice-slush surface cooling of the kidney was given, by then the tumor resection and R.E.N.A.L. defect reconstruction was finished. Results All the 19 cases were smoothly finished without any intraoperative complications or blood transfusion. The operative time was (220.2±57.5) min, estimated blood loss was (252.6±182.9) mL, R.E.N.A.L. ischemia time was (25.2±6.6) min, and all surgical margin was negative. The recovery was smooth, with a mean postoperative hospital stay of (11.4±3.4) days. Pathological examination revealed 15 cases of R.E.N.A.L. carcinoma, 2 angiomyolipoma, and 2 others. All the patients were alive after a mean follow-up of (13.1±6.7) months, without local recurrence or distant metastasis. Nevertheless, the eGFR was significantly decreased from (104.8±24.0) to (90.4±17.0) mL/(min·1.73 m²) after operation (Z=-3.099, P=0.002). Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic-assisted mini-incision partial nephrectomy is a safe, feasible and effective alternative for surgical management of complex localized R.E.N.A.L. tumors. It has the combined advantages of open operation and conventional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, with less surgical demanding and lower cost, and is therefore deserve further popularization.

Abstract:Objective To design and prepare a ventricular septal defect (VSD) occluder with bioabsorbable materials and to evaluate its in vitro degradation and mechanical force. Methods A bioresorbable VSD occluder was made of polymeric materials polydioxanone (PDO) monofilament, poly-L-lactic acid (PLA) fabrics and polyglycolic acid(PGA) sutures. Tantalum particles were sewn on the symmetrical parts of the occluder disc as tracers for X-ray, and the end of the right side of the disc was designed with a circular loop for the matched delivery system to clamp and deliver. Mechanical property and the degradation of the occluder were tested in vitro, and the effect of degradation on the mechanical properties and weights of the samples was examined. Results The mechanical properties of the bioresorbable VSD occluder, including the compression/elastic recovery properties, ultimate intensity of circular loop in the right disc,and left disc support force, met the requirements for transcathetering closure of VSD. In vitro degradation experiment demonstrated that the structure and shape of the occluder remained unchanged within eight weeks; PDO wire fracture, disintegration, and incomplete disc structure were observed on the 12^th week. The support force of the left disc increased to 121.7% and 107.8 % of the original ones at the 2^nd week and the 3^rd week, respectively; while the force decreased to 88.6% and 85.3% of the original ones at the 4^th and the 6^th week, respectively. The weight of the occluder decreased by less than 1% within the first 4 weeks, and significantly decreased 6 weeks later. Conclusion The VSD occluder made of biodegradable materials has qualified mechanical force for transcatheter implantation, and it can be used for future animal study.

Abstract:Objective To design a training box for laparoscopic skills. Methods Based on ergonomics, the size and the contour of the training box were designed with the abdominal surface data of 30 adults and extension degree of the abdominal wall under pneumoperitoneum. Port location was designed considering the optimal manipulation angel, azimuth angle and elevation angle. A flexible camera system and LED light belts were used to simulate laparoscope and light source. Training tasks were designed according to the McGill Laparoscopic Simulation study and basic laparoscopic skills. Finally, the 3D design and assembling of the training box were achieved by Autodesk Inventor, and rapid prototyping and computerized numerical control technology were used to manufacture the prototype. Results A multi-purpose training box with seven training tasks for laparoscopic surgery was successfully designed, with a size of 300 mm×350 mm×150 mm. It was mainly composed of box, baseboard, camera system, drawer system, light belts, and seven training task modules. Conclusion The multi-purpose training box in this study is ergonomically designed and is easy to use. It can be used for training the skills of traditional laparoscopic procedures and single port surgery.

Abstract:Objective To construct the adhesin gene iha mutant of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain W140, and analyze the effects of iha deletion on UPEC biofilm formation. Methods Knockout of the iha gene was done with plasmid pKD46, pKD3, and pCP20 of Red recombinant system. pKD46 was transformed into W140 strain to express the three recombination proteins of λ phage. The chloramphenicol resistance gene flanked by flipase recognition target (FRT) of pKD3 was amplified by PCR and transformed into W140 strain to replace the iha gene. Finally pCP20 was transformed into W140 strain and expressed flipase recombinase, which deleted the chloramphenicol resistance gene between FRT sites. The differences of biofilm formation ability between the wild strain and the mutant were measured by crystal violet staining. Results PCR verification and DNA sequencing indicated that the iha gene was successfully knocked out and UPEC W140Δiha was constructed. The biofilm growth level of the mutant was significantly lower than that of wild strain (P<0.01). Conclusion The iha gene and its encoding product are involved in the process of UPEC biofilm formation. Suppressing iha gene may provide a new target for controlling urinary tract infection.

Abstract:Post-traumatic growth (PTG)refers to positive psychological changes experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstance. Increasingly more researches have discovered that individuals with life threatening diseases, such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and some chronic diseases, also experienced personal growth. This article reviews the current status, predictors, and the relationship with psychological health among patients with severe chronic diseases, and highlights the directions of future PTG research in clinical psychological care.

Abstract:Objective To simultaneously determine the contents of six marker components, including benzoylmesaconine,benzoylaconine, benzoylhyaconine, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, and 6-gingerol, in Sini decoction by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods The HPLC condition was as follows: column: Waters Terra C₁₈ (3.0 mm×100 mm,3.5 μm); the detective wavelength was set at 370 nm for isoliquiritigenin and 235 nm for the other five components. Mobile phase: A was 95% acetonitrile+5% H₂O (5 mmol/L ammonium acetate), B was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (5 mmol/L ammonium acetate), with gradient elution, the gradient of A phase:25%-35% (0-5 min),35%-50% (5-15 min), 50%-85% (15-20 min); flow speed: 0.5 mL/min; temperature of column: 25℃; injection volume:5 μL. Sini decoction was obtained by using the traditional decoction preparation method. Results Benzoylmesaconine, benzoylaconine, benzoylhyaconine, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid and 6-gingerol were separated at baseline within 15 min, showing good linearity (r>0.999 0) between (5.600-112.0) μg/mL, (6.560-131.2) μg/mL, (6.130-122.6) μg/mL, (4.590-91.8) μg/mL, (31.00-620.0) μg/mL, and (4.920-98.4) μg/mL, respectively. The results of intra-day and inter-day precisions were at normal range (RSD<5%), with the recovery rates (n=6) being 101.07% (RSD=1.3%), 98.72% (RSD=1.1%), 101.57% (RSD=1.8%), 101.71% (RSD=3.6%), 102.12% (RSD=2.3%), and 99.58% (RSD=3.8%), respectively. Conclusion The present method is rapid, simple, and accurate and it can be used to determine the above 6 components in Sini decoction.

Abstract:Objective To determine the risk factors contributing to the recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH). Methods The clinical data of 115 CSDH patients who received burr-hole irrigation in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Univariatie and multivarite analyses were performed to describe the relationships between CSDH recurrence and possible risk factors, including age, sex, Glasgrow Coma Scale (GCS) score, hepertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), with or without post-operative drainage, and observations of hematoma douche fluid. Results Recurrence of hematoma was found in 11 patients (9.6%). Two variables were found to be independently associated with the recurrence of CSDH: diabetes mellitus and blood clot and floc in hematoma douche fluid (P<0.05). The other variables were not found to be significantly correlated with recurrence of CSDH. Conclusion Presence of blood clot and floc in hematoma douche fluid is a risk factor of CSDH recurrence, and history of DM is also closely related to post-operation CSDH recurrence.

Abstract:【Objective】To explore the YiShenBaoZhen Decoction’s (YSBZD) intervention effect to the renal anemia of chronic renal failure in rats and the mechanism of the effect of the treatment.【Methods】We produce rat model of chronic renal failure with the method of the two-step of 5/6 nephrectomy. According to completely random design principle，rats are divided into 5 groups，respectively for the normal group, the model group, the YSBZ high-dose group, YSBZ low-dose group and Niaoduqing group .Give medicine 6 weeks, to measured Scr, BUN , detected hemoglobin, the red blood cell count, the average volume of red blood cells, serum EPO.【Results】Compared with the model group, YSBZ high doses group,low doses group all can make Hgb，RBC and EPO increase,with significant difference compared with Niaoduqing group（P＜0.05）; make Scr, BUN decrease ，and compared with Niaoduqing group have no statistical significance.【Conclusion】The YSBZD can interfere with the process of the renal anemia, the mechanism of which may be: reducing nitrogen retention, and reducing the toxin on the inhibition of hematopoietic system; increasing factor about stimulating synthesis of red blood cells.

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