Abstract:Objective To study the feasibility and safety of an "island hopping" approach in segmental renal artery dissection and clamping in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Methods Between August 2014 and August 2015, 10 cadaveric kidneys and 20 kidneys from radical nephrectomy were used to dissect the renal arteries. The route of renal artery branches and its relationship with location of the renal hilum were observed and recorded. A retrospective analysis was made for 10 patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using traditional superselective artery clamping method (n=5) or "island hopping" superselective artery clamping method (n=5). The time of dissecting the segmental arteries and the warm ischemia time were recorded, and the clinical efficacy of "island hopping" superselective artery clamping method was evaluated. Results For cadaveric kidneys, 72.2%(39/54) of the renal artery branches entered the kidney along the edge of renal hilum, and the number was 70.8% (68/96) in the 20 kidneys from radical nephrectomy. Clinically the laparoscopic partial nephrectomy procedures were successful in all the 10 patients. One of the 5 cases receiving "island hopping" approach were converted to hilus clamping due to poor operation field for tumor resection. Compared with patients undergoing traditional superselective artery clamping, those undergoing "island hopping" approach had a shorter time of dissecting segmental arteries (6-11 min vs 10-18 min) and a similar warm ischemia time (14-26 min vs 15-25 min). Conclusion The "island hopping" approach for tumor-specific renal arterial branches clamping is safe and feasible, and also makes it easier for manipulation, leading to convenient popularization.

Abstract:Objective To study the biocompatibility and biological activity of hydroxyapatite (HA) with different strontium (Sr) contents. Methods The Sr doped HA (Sr-HA) materials containing 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% Sr were prepared and the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ in the leaching liquor of them were determined in each group. Hemolysis tests were performed in vitro for the 5 materials. L929 fibroblasts were seeded and cultured with leaching liquor of materials for 2 d and 7 d; cell morphology was observed under microscope and the in vitro cytotoxicity of the five materials was detected by MTT assay. The MG63 bone cells were seeded on the surface of the 5 materials; then cell adhesion was observed at 1, 4, 12 h of culture, and the proliferation of cells was observed on day 1, 4 and 7 of culture by MTT method; and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the osteoblasts was detected on day 1, 3, and 5. Results The highest Ca²⁺concentration was found in the leaching liquor of 5% Sr group, and the lowest was found in the 1% Sr group; the highest Sr²⁺concentration was found in the leaching liquor of 20% Sr group, and the lowest was found in 0% Sr group. The hemolytic rates of Sr-HA materials were lower than 5% in all the five Sr-HA groups. The morphology of L929 fibroblasts in the five Sr-HA groups was similar to that of the negative control group; and MTT assay showed that the overall cytotoxicity of the five Sr-HA groups was grade 0 or 1. After 4 and 12 h culture, the number of adhered MG63 osteoblasts in 5%, 10%, and 20% Sr groups were significantly more than those in 0% and 1% Sr groups (P<0.05, P<0.01). On day 4 and 7 of culture, the proliferation rates of MG63 osteoblasts in 5%, 10% and 20% Sr groups were significantly higher than those in 0% and 1% Sr groups (P<0.05). The ALP activity of MG63 osteoblasts in 5% and 10% Sr groups was significantly higher than that in 0% and 1% Sr groups on day 3 of culture (P<0.05); and that in 5%, 10%, and 20% Sr groups was higher than that in 0% and 1% Sr groups on day 5 of culture. Conclusion Sr-HA material with different Sr contents has good biocompatibility; the combination with certain concentration of Sr can effectively improve the biological activity of HA, with the best activity seen when Sr ratio is 5% or 10%.

Abstract:Objective To synthesize fully protected p-methoxyphenyl D-galactopyranosyl(α1→4)-(D-galactopyranosyl)-(β1→3)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-D-glucopyranoside. Methods With D-galactose and D-glucosamine hydrochloride used as the initial compounds, we stereoselectively and efficiently synthesized p-methoxyphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-galactopyranosyl (α1→4)-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-galactopyranosyl)-(β1→3)-6-benzyl-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) by glucosinolates glycosylation and Schmidt glycosylation. Results Our method efficiently produced the target compound, and the structures of the main intermediates and target compound were confirmed by ¹HMNR, ¹³CMNR and MS. Conclusion We have established a simple synthesis method with high universal property for target compound; additionally, the protective base is easily removable. Our method is applicable for the synthesis of various oligosaccharides.

Abstract:Objective To investigate whether the degree of intratumoral susceptibility signal intensity (ITSS) of susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) correlates with the transfer constant (K^trans) of perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), and to assess their values in diagnosis and grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC). Methods Thirty-six patients with pathologically confirmed ccRCC and Fuhrman grades (Ⅰ-Ⅳ) underwent both 2D multi-breath-hold SWI and renal PWI examination. The degree of ITSS and the mean value of K^trans were evaluated. Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to compare the differences among the three groups (Fuhrman Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between degree of ITSS and mean value of K^trans. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic accuracy. Results The degrees of ITSS of Fuhrman grade Ⅰ (8 patients), grade Ⅱ(16 patients) and grade Ⅲ(12 patients) were (1.25±0.43), (1.75±0.83) and (2.20±0.75), with the K^trans values being (0.24±0.07)min^-1, (0.31±0.08)min^-1 and (0.34±0.07)min^-1 , respectively; statistical significances were found for both degrees of ITSS and K^trans values among the three Fuhrman groups (χ²=6.089, P<0.05; F=4.116, P<0.05). A positive correlation was found between the degree of ITSS and value of K^trans (r=0.536, P<0.01). ITSS and value of K^transROC curve analysis was used to distinguish Fuhrman Ⅲ vs Ⅰ-Ⅱ ccRCC, the optimal area under curves (AUCs), sensitivity and specificity were 0.737, 80.0%, 37.5% and 0.737, 90.0%, 68.8%, respectively. Conclusion Both the degree of ITSS and mean value of K^trans can provide more pre-operative information of ccRCC, helping to make surgical plans and to predict the prognosis.

Abstract:Objective To apply high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method in analyzing and identifying the main components in the ethanol extract of Choerospondiatis fructus. Methods The ethanol extract of Choerospondiatis fructus was prepared by the refluxing methods, and the main components in the extracts were separated by the gradient elution method with Agilent TC-C₁₈ column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), methanol-0.2% formic acid as the mobile phase, at flow rate 0.7 mL/min, column temperature 30℃, and sample volume 25 μL. Mass spectrometry was applied for the qualitative analysis under the positive and negative ion modes and ESI ion source was used for mass spectra, V_cap 4.0 kV, drying gas 10 L/min, gas temperature 350℃, and nebulizer 35 psi (1 psi=6 894.8 Pa). The main chromatographic peaks were assigned by Q-TOF. Results Forty-two compounds were identified through direct comparison of both positive and negative ion mass data, the element composition analysis, the data of the literature and the information from reference substances, including amino acids, organic acids, and flavonoids. Among them 17 constituents have been firstly found in Choerospondiatis fructus. Conclusion HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS has the advantage of the efficient separation ability of HPLC and highly sensitive detection of MS, and is capable of making a qualitative analysis of the main components in Choerospondiatis fructus, which provides an evidence for study.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the serum level of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its relation with insulin secretion in simple obesity patients with acanthosis nigricants. Methods A total of 35 obese patients (OB group) and 38 obese patients with acanthosis nigricants (AN group) visiting our department were included in this study, and 20 age-matched healthy volunteers were taken as controls. The lipid profile, free fatty acid (FFA), uric acid (UA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in each group, and the glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were also observed in all participants. Serum FGF21 level was measured by ELISA. Results Acanthosis nigricants was associated with more severe hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in obese patients. The levels of FGF21, fasting insulin and homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in AN group were significantly higher than those in the OB and control groups (P<0.05,P<0.01), while the insulin activity index (IAI) of AN was significantly lower than those in the OB and control groups (P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that serum FGF21 level was positively correlated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (r=0.410, P=0.009;r=0.350, P=0.027), while negatively correlated with IAI and body fat percentage (r=-0.615, P<0.001; r=-0.554, P<0.001). Logistic analysis showed that higher level of FGF21 and UA were the independent risk factors for AN in obese patients(P=0.008, P=0.020). Conclusion Obese patients with AN have high serum FGF21 level and hyperinsulinemia, and increased FGF21 level is associated with insulin resistance. Obese patients with AN have a slighter impaired glucose tolerance than simple obese patients, suggesting that increased FGF21 may benefit glycometabolism. Higher FGF21 and uric acid are the independent risk factors for AN in obese patients.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CapeOx(XELOX) chemotherapy combined with hyperthermia in treating patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Methods A total of 80 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were evenly randomized into two groups: the combined group underwent CapeOx (XELOX) chemotherapy and hyperthermia(on the 1^st, 5^th, and 10^th days of chemotherapy), while the control group only received chemotherapy. The treatment efficacies (evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors[RECIST]), serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. The survival rates of two groups were recorded and analyzed. Results RECIST results showed that the rate of complete remission plus partial remission in combined group was 67.5%(27/40), which was significantly higher than that in the control group (35.0%[14/40], P<0.05). The serum levels of CEA were decreased in both group after treatment, with that in the combined group being significantly lower than that in the control group( [101.3±58.1] vs [213.6±100.3] ng/mL, P<0.05). The adverse reaction(leukocyte decrease, gastrointestinal reaction, and peripheral nerve reaction) rate of the combined group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). The 2-month survival rates were 100.0% in both groups (P>0.05); while the 2-year survival rate of the combined group was significantly higher than that in the control group (37.5%[15/40] vs 12.5%[5/40], P<0.05). Conclusion CapeOx (XELOX) chemotherapy combined with hyperthermia is safe and effective to control the growth of advanced colorectal cancer, benefiting the survival and decreasing the adverse reaction.

Abstract:Objective To compare the therapeutic effects and adverse reaction of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with pure chemotherapy for local progressive gastric cancer following D2 lymph node dissection. Methods Seventy-nine patients with progressive gastric cancer who underwent R0 gastric resection and D2 lymph node dissection were randomly divided into two groups. After radical gastrectomy, the experimental group (n=40) received radiotherapy concurrent with capecitabine chemotherapy, and then followed by 4 cycles of XELOX chemotherapy; however, the control group (n=39) only received 6 cycles of XELOX chemotherapy. The local recurrence rates, 3-year disease-free survival rates, 3-year overall survival rates and adverse reactions were evaluated after the treatment. Results The local recurrence rate in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (40.0%[16/40] vs 64.1% [25/39],P=0.032). The 3-year disease-free survival rates and 3-year overall survival rates of the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, but with no significant difference (P>0.05). The 3-year overall survival rate of patients with positive lymph node was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (45.2% [14/31] vs 18.5% [5/27], P=0.049), with their median disease-free survival (mDFS) periods being 26 months and 19 months, respectively (P=0.024). The incidences of hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group. Conclusion Concurrent chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy can greatly reduce local recurrence after curative resection and D2 lymph node dissection in gastric cancer patients. In patients with lymph node-positive gastric cancer, postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy may improve their survival. The main adverse reactions of the concurrent treatment are hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the efficacy of isoflavone (IS)-loaded mesoporous glass cement scaffold materials in repairing the rabbit femoral bone defect. Methods Various composite glass cements absorbing plant hormones (soy isoflavone) were fabricated as follows: calcium sulphate (CS), 20% mesoporous magnesium calcium silicate/calcium sulfate (20 m-MCS/CS), and 40% mesoporous magnesium calcium silicate/calcium sulfate (40 m-MCS/CS). The in vitro isoflavone release profiles of the above materials were evaluated. Sixty New Zealand rabbits were randomized into 4 groups with 15 in each group, and the bone defect models in the distal end of femur were created. Group A: implanted with CS; Group B: 20 m-MCS/CS; Group C: 40 m-MCS/CS; and Group D: IS-loaded 40 m-MCS/CS (40 m-MCS/CS/IS). The rabbits were sacrificed at 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks postoperatively and the bone samples were scanned with micro-CT. Then histology analysis was conducted under microscope after decalcification and Masson trichrome staining. Results Controlled release profiles of isoflavone were presented in both 20 m-MCS/CS/IS and 40 m-MCS/CS/IS groups, and a higher cumulative release rate was detected in 40 m-MCS/CS/IS group, which reached (41.0±1.8)% on the 25^th day; therefore 40 m-MCS/CS/IS was selected for further evaluation in vivo, and 40 m-MCS/CS, 20 m-MCS/CS and CS served as controls. Rabbits in Group A implanted with CS showed little new bone formation 12 weeks after operation; those in Group B implanted with 20 m-MCS/CS presented with better bone regeneration in the defect site; and the bone defect sites in group C grafted with 40 m-MCS/CS were almost filled with neo-bone; however, the best results were obtained in group D which was implanted with 40 m-MCS/CS/IS, with the defects fully repaired by the bone trabecular. Conclusion Isoflavone-loaded mesoporous glass cement can effectively repair lacunar bone defects, and may serve as a promising new bone regeneration material.

Abstract:Objective To use polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM) loaded with sh-miR-34a for constructing PAMAM/sh-miR-34a nanocomplexes and to observe its inhibitory effect on the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of malignant melanoma A375 cells. Methods Particle size analyzer was used to investigate the potential and size of the constructed PAMAM/sh-miR-34a nanocomplex, and sh-miR-34a enrichment capability was determined by gel electrophoresis assay. The intracellular uptake of PAMAM/sh-miR-34a by A375 cells was investigated using sh-miR-34a labeled by rhodamine. CCK8 method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of the nanocomplex against A375 cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to determine the inhibition effect of nanocomplex against A375 cell migration and invasion. Western blotting analysis was used to examine the inhibitory effect of PAMAM/sh-miR-34a on the protein expression of pAkt, pRb, and pERK1/2 in A375 cells. Results PAMAM loaded with sh-miR-34a could form stable nanocomplexes. The intracellular uptake of PAMAM/sh-miR-34a by A375 cells was the highest when N/P=20 (P<0.05). PAMAM effectively mediated sh-miR-34a entry into A375 cells, inhibiting the cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis and blocking the protein expression of pAkt, pRb, and pERK1/2 in A375 cells. Conclusion PAMAM can enwrap sh-miR-34a and inhibit malignant melanoma A375 cells.

Abstract:Objective To understand the quality of life and the social capital of patients living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), so as to analyze the key factors of social capital that affect the life quality of PLWH. Methods Accidental sampling was used to choose a total of 377 PLWH in Zhoushan city of Zhejiang province, Nanchang and Pingxiang of Jiangxi province. The questionnaires included basic situation survey, a simple health condition survey questionnaire (SF-36) and the social capital questionnaire. The survey was carried out by face-to-face. The Epidata 3.1 and the SPSS 17.0 were used for data input and statistical analysis, respectively. The multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of social capital on PLWH life quality. Results A total of 368 questionnaires were finally completed, with an effective response rate of 97.61%. Scores of each dimension and total scores of the social capital and quality of life of PLWH were lower, with the social capital score of PLWH being 4.94±1.94 (full score:10) and quality of life score being 64.71±13.49 (full score:100), significantly lower than the national norm(P<0.01). It was found that the access to resources, trust and social participation were the factors influencing the PLWH quality of life. Conclusion PLWH have an unsatisfactory quality of life and low social capital, and social capital has an effect on the life quality of PLWH.

Abstract:Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of low back pain-a common clinical problem. Alterations of the phenotype, reduction of survival time, decline of metabolic activity, and decrease of extracellular matrix of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells are thought associated with IDD. The intervertebral disc is the largest avascular tissue in the body, with the most distinctive characteristic being low oxygen tension. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a transcriptional factor induced by the hypoxia condition to initiate a series of cellular responses, accommodating the hypoxia environment. HIF can start transcription of target genes by binding the hypoxia response element and may play an important role in the pathological process of IDD and serve as a crucial target for stopping progression or curing IDD. Here we summarized the roles of HIF in regulating metabolism activity of NP cells, including expression of HIF in NP cells, and regulatory roles of HIF in phenotype, survival, metabolism and extracellular matrix accumulation of NP cells.

Abstract:Pathological pain refers to the pain that caused by the tissue injury due to trauma, infection, tumor, etc. It may turn into chronic pain if it lasts for more than one month or remains when the tissue injury is healed. Patients with chronic pain often suffer insomnia, anxiety, depression and other mental disorders, which may seriously impair their physical function and quality of life, subsequently leading to many social and economic problems. Recent studies have found that epigenetic regulation may explain, at molecular level, the pathogenesis of pathological pain, including inflammation pain, neuropathic pain and psychological pain, which may lead to the development of its therapeutic means. In this article, we reviewed the latest research progress of epigenetic regulation of chronic pathological pain, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation and miRNA activity.

Abstract:There is a growing body of evidence that diabetes mellitus leads to a specific cardiomyopathy--diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is apart from vascular disease. Lethal cardiac arrhythmia is frequently found in DCM patients, which is associated with prolongation of the QT interval in electrocardiogram (ECG), causing increased mortality in the patients with diabetes mellitus. The change of ion channel is the basis for the prolonged cardiac action potential duration, mainly involving the change of calcium ions, potassium channels and sodium channels. In this paper we reviewed the recent progress in the changes of the ion channel in DCM patients.

Abstract:Objective To modify the Golding edition of motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ) for seasickness susceptibility evaluation in Chinese male adults and to establish the corresponding grading criteria. Methods Totally 121 participants were selected to complete the MSSQ. The MSS indices were calculated by the following methods: the MSSQ-R1 included the common motion items of MSSQ in the questionnaire and omitted the correction factor in the formula. Based on MSSQ-R1, MSSQ-R2 and R3 formula had increased weights for vomiting and nausea score. The MSS grading criteria were set based on the percentiles of each MSS indices. All subjects underwent a voyage at sea under 3-4 grade sea condition. Seasickness was assessed by using Graybiel rating scales and the efficacy of the modified MSS indices was evaluated. Results The retest reliability was 0.85. As for criterion validity, each MSS index was positively correlated with Graybiel score (P<0.001), with MSSQ-R3 having the highest correlation coefficient. The correlation of MSSQ-R3 adult index (MSSQ-R3-Adt) was also higher than MSSQ-R3 itself (0.43 vs 0.39). The Graybiel score of highly susceptible subjects as judged by MSSQ-R3 criteria were significantly higher than those of slightly (P<0.01) and moderately susceptible (P<0.05) ones. The Graybiel score of highly and moderately susceptible subjects as judged by MSSQ-R3-Adt criteria were significantly higher than that of slightly susceptible ones (P<0.01, P<0.05). The accuracies of individual susceptibility evaluation and population based susceptibility as judged by the MSSQ-R3-Adt criteria were similar to those judged by the MSSQ. Conclusion The modified MSSQ is simple, practical and effective for seasickness susceptibility evaluation in Chinese adults.

Abstract:Objective To establish a safety culture scale for conventional submarine troops and to analyze the key factors influencing the safety during peace time, so as to provide evidence for future study. Methods Twenty-five items from relative scales were sorted based on a literature review, and 21 of them were included in the final safety questionnaire after extensive analysis and review. A total of 180 submariners were surveyed with the questionnaire, and the effective response rate was 81.67% (147) and their data were used for further analysis. Results Thirty-two (21.77%) responders have experienced a safety incidence, and 12 (8.16%) had been injured due to the incidences. Four dimensions of the safety culture for the target population were indentified by exploratory factor analysis, including commitment to safety by the decision-makers, satisfaction degree of safety effort, priority of safety effort, and communication on safety, which could explain 71.532% of the variance. The Cronbach's α was calculated for each scale (all over 0.7), indicating satisfactory internal consistency for this measurement. Conclusion High incidence of safety events and injury rate of the participants from submarine troop demand more efforts on safety. Submariners are different from other seafarers in civil groups. They are trained to be obedient to orders and leadership, aware of the importance of missions; on the other hand they have stronger self-consciousness and they are not satisfied with simple emphasis on safety and repeated education. However, they are not active in reporting safety issues to the superiors, so the safety culture among them needs to be improved.

Abstract:Objective To establish a spine solid model of patients using 3D printing technique based on CT tomoscan data, and to apply the model in spine orthopedics. Methods The time for placing the screws, the accuracy rate of screw placement, the incidence rates of nerve and blood vessel injury were retrospectively analyzed and compared before and after 3D printing technique was employed to rebuild the diseased segmental spine in two groups. Results A total of 466 pedical screws were placed in 30 patients who were not subjected to 3D printing technique, and the mean screwing time was (3.1±0.5)min, with an accuracy rate of 85.6% (399/466). While 354 pedical screws were placed in 23 patients who were subjected to 3D printing technique, and their mean screwing time was (2.1±0.4)min, with an accuracy rate of 93.2% (330/354). Significant differences were found for both the screwing time and accuracy between the two groups(P<0.01). No patients had complication such as injuries of the nerve, blood vessel or visceral injury during or after operation. Conclusion Compared to traditional free-hand screwing technique, preoperative 3D printing model of the diseased segmental spine can provide reference for operation planning and screwing, shortening the screwing time and improving the screwing accuracy.

Abstract:Objective To study the antibacterial components of chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the traditional Chinese medicine Artemisia anomala S.Moore. Methods The chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Artemisia anomala S.Moore was isolated by silica gel column chromatography. The antibiotic tests of the different isolated fractions in vitro were performed by using Kriby-Bauer method and broth dilution method. The compound structures of the significantly active components were identified by the method of chemical colored-reaction and spectrum analysis. Results Multiple components of chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Artemisia anomala had different degrees of antibacterial activities for common pathogenic strains in clinic. The structures of significantly active components were identified as: apigenin, eupatilin, and caffeic acid; eupatilin had the strongest antimicrobial activity for Standard Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923) and Standard Staphylococcus aureua (ATCC29213), with the minimal bactericidal concentrations being both 0.062 5 mg/mL. Conclusion The proposed method in the present study is simple and quick; it can accurately and effectively obtain the antibacterial components of the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Artemisia anomala. This study is the first to report the antibacterial activity of eupatilin.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the constituent changes of hospitalized thyroid cancer patients in Changhai Hospital(Shanghai, China) during nearly 20 years of universal salt iodization (USI), so as to understand the relationship between iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma. Methods We analyzed the patients with thyroid diseases in Changhai Hospital over the past 20 years before and after the adaptation of USI, and the annual constituent ratios of thyroid carcinoma were calculated. The patients with thyroid diseases were divided into four groups according to the years they were treated: 1993-1997 (group A), 1998-2002 (group B), 2003-2007 (group C), and 2008-2012 (group D). The constituent ratios of thyroid carcinoma were compared between different groups. Results After the adoption of universal salt iodization in 1994, the constituent ratio of thyroid carcinoma decreased from 11.36%(25/220) in 1993 to 7.59%(18/237), and then the ratio gradually increased again, reaching 20.76%(318/1 532) in 2012. The constituent ratios of thyroid carcinoma in group A, B, C and D were 8.01%(112/1 398), 9.61%(241/2 508), 11.65%(501/4 299) and 16.57%(1 101/6 645), respectively. The constituent ratios of thyroid cancer in A, B groups (initial salt iodization period) were not significantly different (P=0.095); while those in C, D groups (after long-term salt iodization) were increased significantly compared with those in A, B groups(P<0.001). Conclusion Short-term iodine supplementation may have a certain inhibitory effect against thyroid carcinoma. The detection rate of thyroid carcinoma is apparently increased 10 years after iodine supplementation; long-term iodine supplementation might be one of the reasons for the increase.

Abstract:Objective To study the intestinal absorption characteristics of demethoxycurcumin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (DECD) and demethoxycurcumin (DE) in rats. Methods DECD was prepared by cyclodextrin inclusion technique and characterized by spectroscopic method. The morphology of DECD was observed by microphotograph and zeta potential was examined by Malvern laser particle sizer. In vivo single-pass intestinal perfusion rat model was adopted; the absorption rate constant (Ka), effective permeability (P_app) and percent absorption of DECD and DE were determined using the ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Results DECD was successfully prepared, with a solubility of 2.30 g/L, which was 38.33 times that of DE. Zeta potential of DECD was -32.2 mV. The results of intestinal absorption experiment showed that the Ka and P_app values of DECD decreased in order in the ileum, duodenum, jejunum, and colon. In addition, the Ka, P_app values and percent absorption of DECD were higher than that of DE. Conclusion DECD can markedly improve the intestinal absorption of DE in rats.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the neuron protective effects of ligustilide (LIG) on cortex regions of cerebral hypoperfusion rats and the possible mechanisms of the protective effect. Methods Bilateral common carotid arteries (two-vessel occlusion, 2VO) of Sprague-Dawley rats were occluded to induce the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion models. The sham-operated controls (Sham group) were not occluded. The model rats were treated with LIG (80 mg/kg, by oral) once a day from the 8^th day after surgery for 21 d. The rats were sacrificed 7 d after stopping LIG treatment, and the brain tissues of rats were made into frozen sections. Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence experiments were performed. Coronal sections of the cortex were stained with cresyl violet or with antibodies for neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN), microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3). Results The number of Nissl body and NeuN-positive cells were increased significantly in the cortex region of LIG treatment group compared with those in the model group (P<0.01). The number of Caspase-3 positive cells in rat cortex region was decreased significantly in LIG treatment group compared with that in the model group (P<0.01). LIG treatment also improved the MAP-2 positive structures in the cortex region compared with the model group. Conclusion LIG may have neuron protective effects on cortex regions of cerebral hypoperfusion rats through reducing apoptosis of hypoperfusion rat cortical neurons and regulating the expression of MAP2.

Abstract:Objective To compare the efficacies and safety of warfarin with different anticoagulation intensities in treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Methods Cochrane Library, EMbase, PubMed, Chinese Journal Full-text Database (CNKI), Wanfang Data and VIP Database (VIP) were searched by computer for randomized controlled trials of warfarin with different anticoagulation intensities in treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The analysis was performed using the Review Manager 5.3. Results Finally a total of 14 literatures involving 3 295 participants were included. The results of meta-analysis showed the following:low anticoagulation intensity group (INR: 1.5-2.0, n=1 403) had a total bleeding rate significantly lower than the standard anticoagulation intensity group (INR: 2.0-3.0, n=1 892) (RR=0.47, 95%CI: 0.37-0.59, P<0.000 01); there were no significant differences in the incidence of thromboembolism (RR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.00-1.84, P=0.05), ischemic stroke (RR=1.44, 95%CI: 1.01-2.05, P=0.05) or mortality (RR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.85-1.31, P=0.60) between the two groups. Conclusion Warfarin therapy in international normalized ratio of 1.5-2.0 can reduce the risk of fatal and severe bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and may not increase the incidence of thromboembolism.

Abstract:Objectives: The aim was to investigate the clinical features, treatments and prognosis of non- urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 patients with non-transitional bladder cancer from June 2009 and April 2015 in our hospital were retrospectively evaluated in this study, of whom 26 males and 5 females, aged from 31 to 84 years, average age was 61 years. The patients’ characteristics, including symptoms, tumor number, size, and localization, pathological types before and after the operation, treatments, recurrence and survival rates were all follow up and recorded. Results: 77.4% of the preliminary symptoms among these 31 patients were gross hematuresis, Tumor most commonly located in left or right lateral wall of bladder. Mono-tumor and multi-tumor in the bladder have similar proportion. There are 20 cases of tumors larger than 3cm, accounted for 64.5%. 18 patients underwent radical cystectomy，4 patients underwent partial cystectomy ,6 patients underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor and 3 patients gave up operation. Of these tumors, 16(51.6%) were cases of adenocarcinoma, 8 (25.8%) squamous cell carcinoma ,3 sarcoma,2 small cell carcinoma , 2 adenosquamous. 29 patients were followed up for 2 to 62 months(2 cases were lost to follow-up)．Median survival for adenocarcinoma patients is 23m, squamous cell carcinoma patients is 15m, andother histological types is 26m. Median survival for patients treated by radical cystectomy is 24m, higher than 20m of others. Conclusion: Non- urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, with the most commom preliminary symptoms of gross hematuresis, located mostly in left or right lateral wall of bladder, and the size of the tumors were often larger. Prognosis of urinary bladder tumors was directly related to histological type and therapy method. The effect of chemotherapy and radiation is limited. Early radical cystectomy should be performed to improve prognosis.