Abstract:Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae,which can be transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. Hereafter, Zika virus disease has been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. The outbreak of this epidemic began in 2015 in Brazil, and has spread rapidly to other countries. Clinical features of ZIKV infection range from asymptomatic cases to an influenza-like syndrome associated with fever, cutaneous rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. Current observational studies suggest that ZIKV may cause more severe neurological sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects, mainly microcephaly. The diagnosis is confirmed by viral RNA detection by genomic amplification (real-time PCR) and serological detection of IgM. Up to now, there is neither a vaccine nor prophylactic medications available to prevent and treat ZIKV infection. The effective prevention is protection against mosquito bites and to improve self-protection awareness. In this paper we summarized the epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis and detection of Zika virus, hoping to benefit the control of ongoing outbreaks as well as the development of vaccines and therapeutics.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of p38 gene sliencing on the proliferation, invasion, cell cycle and sensitivity to sunitinib of human renal carcinoma cell line 786-O. Methods We designed two sequence-specific small interfering RNA(siRNA531 and siRNA659) targeting p38 gene and transfected them into renal carcinoma cell line 786-O. 786-O cells transfected with nonsense siRNA served as negative control and those cultured with transfection medium served as blank control. The change of p38 gene expression was observed by RT-PCR and the expression of p38 protein was detected by Western blotting analysis.The proliferation, sensitivities to sunitinib, invasion capabilities, and the cell cycle of 786-O cells were examined by CCK-8 assay, transwell chamber test and flow cytometry, respectively. Results RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis revealed that p38 expression in p38 siRNA group was significantly decreased compared with the controls. The cell proliferation rates were also significantly decreased 3-5 days after siRNA531 or siRNA659 transfection compared with the controls (P<0. 05, P<0. 01), and cells in the siRNA531 and siRNA659 groups become more sensitive to sunitinib compared with negative control group, with two IC₅₀ values being significantly lower than that of the negative control group ([3.2±0.3],[1.4±0.1] μmol/mL vs[5.4±0.2] μmol/mL; P<0.05). In addition, analysis of cell cycle demonstrated a marked G₀/G₁ arrest of the 786-O cells transfected with siRNA531 or siRNA659. We also noticed that 24 h after transfection, the cell invasion capabilities was significantly decreased in siRNA531 and siRNA659 compared with negative control (numbers of cells permeating septum:56.43±6.02, 34.00±8.12 vs 76.27±5.08; P<0. 01). Conclusion We have successfully suppressed p38 gene expression by specific siRNA, which can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of human renal carcinoma cell line 786-O and increase its sensitivity to sunitinib, paving a way for future treatment and targeted drug resistance of renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of electret electrostatic-field on the preparation and characteristics of nanopaticles carrying quaternary ammonium chitosan and epidermal growth factor (EGF), so as to explore the percutaneous transport mechanism of drug-loading nanoparticles. Methods Under different electret electrostatic-fields, ionic crossing method was used to prepare EGF-loading chitosan nanoparticles using EGF as model drug, chitosan as material, and sodium tripolyphosphate(TPP) as crosslinking agent. Transmission electron microscope was employed to observe the surface morphology of nanoparticles; the particle size and the zeta potential of the EGF-loading nanoparticles were also examined. Results (1) The EGF-loading chitosan nanoparticles prepared in this study had uniform distribution, good dispersibility and stability. (2) The size of the EGF-loading nanoparticles increased with the increase of chitosan concentration, indicating that chitosan concentration might be the main reason for the nanoparticle size. (3) The particle size of the EGF-loading chitosan nanoparticles decreased with the increase of electrostatic field; and the change of the zeta potential was closely related to the polarity of the applied electric field. (4) The particle size of EGF-loading nanoparticles decreased with the increase of storage time. Conclusion The morphology, particle size and zeta potential of chitosan nanoparticles are closely related to the intensity and polarity of the applied electric field; proper electric field parameters should be chosen to prepare high quality chitosan nanoparticles with appropriate particle size and stability.

Abstract:Objective To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for determination of seven steroid hormones in sera of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods The serum samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, and then derivatized with dansyl chloride. Chromatographic column was Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈ (2.1 mm×150 mm, 2.7 μm) column, mobile phase was acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid-water solution, flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, the column temperature was 35℃, and the MS detection was selected in dynamic MRM mode. Results Seven steroid hormones (estradiol, estriol, estrone, hydrocortisone, testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone) were baseline separated within 8 min, which possessed good linear relationship (r>0.99) within the linear concentration range; the intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 15%, the recoveries were ranged from 80% to 119%, the matrix effect was 85%-112%. The detection results were stable when the samples were examined 6 h after collection, 24 h after treatment at room temperature, after three freeze-thaw cycles, and 30 days when stored at -80℃. Conclusion The current LC-MS/MS method is simple, accurate, sensitive and reproducible, and it can be applied to determine steroid hormones in the sera of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract:Objective To systematically study the pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and to explore the related cytotoxicity mechanism, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the safe production and application of SWCNTs. Methods A549 cells were cultured in the media containing 0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL SWCNTs for 24 h, and then the cell viability and degree of cell membrane damage were assessed by CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay kit, respectively; the ultrastructural alteration of A549 cells was detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The oxidative stress response was evaluated by assessing reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The rats were exposed to SWCNTs by intratracheal inhalation, and then the animals were sacrificed 3 days later and the pathological sections of lung tissue were examined. Results SWCNTs showed considerable toxicity to A549 cells, decreasing cell viability, causing severe damage of cell membrane and ultrastructure, increasing the intracellular ROS level, and decreasing GSH content and SOD activity. It was found that oxidative stress is the main mechanism of SWCNTs toxicity on A549 cells. In vivo toxicity results showed that SWCNTs accumulated in the lung tissue, causing alveolar wall edema. Conclusion In vitro and in vivo toxicity results have found that SWCNTs possess a significant pulmonary toxicity, with its main toxicity mechanism being oxidative stress.

Abstract:Objective To design two kinds of fixed full-arch implant-supported prosthesis and to investigate their stress distribution in the different vertical heights of the edentulous mandible. Methods The cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT) scan data of the upper denture and mandible were collected to establish the base models of the mandible. The vertical heights of the mandible models were lowered by 0, 5, 10 and 15 mm, and the three-dimensional finite element models of implants with different vertical heights supported by mental foramen 6 parallel implants and supported by "All-on-Four" were established, including 2 groups (8 models):6-implant group and 4-implant group. A 250 N vertical force was applied to the central fossa of the right mandibular first molar. The stress of each part of the models was analyzed by Ansys 15.0 software. Results Under the same loading condition, the maximum stress value of the implants was in the neck of the implants. The maximum stress distribution of 8 models showed that the maximum stress value was 40.12-49.06 MPa for the 4-implant group and was 80.62-109.64 MPa for the 6-implant group, with the latter being two folds that of the former. In two groups, the maximum stress was the lowest when the vertical height reduction was 5 mm. With the decrease of the mandible vertical height, the stress increased gradually. However, the maximum stress of the 0 mm-height-reduced models was larger than that of 5 mm-height-reduced models. Conclusion There is no destructive stress under certain extreme load in both 4-implant group and 6-implant group, with the 4-implant group having a more reasonable stress distribution. The 5 mm-hight-reduced models have the minimum stress, indicating that appropriate vertical height reduction can lead to more reasonable implant stress distribution.

Abstract:Objective To know about the prevalence of recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing (in the last 12 months) and its associated factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in western China. Methods A total of 1 245 MSM were recruited by convenient sampling from multiple sources and areas in Chongqing and Sichuan regions. The participants were interviewed with anonymous self-administered questionnaire and received HIV testing at the same time. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with recent HIV testing behavior. Results A total of 1 245 questionnaires were completed, and 1 199 (96.31%) were valid and included for analysis. Of the 1 199 MSM, 43.45% (521/1 199) reported having HIV testing in recent one year. The overall HIV antibody positive rate was 21.35% (256/1 199) in the present study; the HIV positive rate was significantly higher in those did not receive HIV testing in recent one year compared with those received HIV testing (24.93% vs 16.70%, χ²=11.876 3,P=0.000 6). Logistic regression analysis revealed that a score >10 in HIV/AIDS knowledge test (OR=1.593, 95%CI:1.164-2.180) was associated with increased recent HIV testing among MSM, and the factors associated with lower HIV testing rate in recent one year included not receiving free HIV counseling voluntarily over past years (OR=0.284, 95%CI:0.218-0.371), self-perceived low prevalence of HIV infection among MSM in city/district/county they were living (OR=0.570, 95%CI:0.386-0.841), and occasionally/never using condoms during anal sex with men in recent six months (OR=0.688, 95%CI:0.514-0.919; OR=0.645, 95%CI:0.421-0.987). Conclusion The proportion of recent HIV testing among MSM in western China is low, although the HIV prevalence is still alarmingly high. MSM not receiving any HIV testing in recent one year have higher HIV infection risk compared with those receiving. The community-based HIV-related risk education should be strengthened so as to further promote regular HIV testing among MSM in these high epidemic areas.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the initiation of dialysis and the prognosis of chronic renal failure (CRF) patients via systematic review and meta analysis. Methods Literature retrieval was conducted using "dialysis initiation", "prognosis/mortality/survival", "timing", and "CKD/CRF/ESRD" as key words in databases including PubMed, Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Clinical Trials. Literatures were selected according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and the data were analyzed using meta analysis. Results Finally 20 references containing 21 studies were included in the present study. The overall analysis showed that a 1 mL/(min·1.73 m²) GFR increment was associated with a 3.3% increase in all-cause mortality (HR=1.033, 95% CI:1.026-1.040, P < 0.001). However, the subgroup analysis of two RCTs and four studies with the same survival analysis origin demonstrated no significant correlation between GFR at dialysis initiation and survival rate (HR=1.001, 95%CI:0.983-1.020, P = 0.891; HR=1.014, 95%CI:0.990-1.040, P = 0.260). In addition, subgroup analysis including studies with 10 or 10.5 mL/(min·1.73 m²) GFR as the cut-off values between early and late stages also showed no significant differences in the survival rates (HR=1.062, 95%CI:0.691-1.633, P = 0.784). Conclusion It is indicated that higher GFR at dialysis initiation is associated with increased mortality rate of CRF patients; however, the reason for early dialysis is complicated and more high quality clinical trials are needed to determine the dialysis timing.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effect ferritin reporter gene Fth1 labeling on biological characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. Methods Rat MSCs were isolated and cultured by plastic adherence method, and the lentiviral vectors carrying the ferritin heavy chain gene Fth1 were constructed to transfect the 4^th passage MSCs transfected with Fth1, and the MSCs were cultured in the medium added with 1 mol/L ferric citrate. Prussian blue staining was used to evaluate the iron uptake ability of the transfected MSCs, trypan blue staining was used to evaluate cell viability, and CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the proliferation activity of transfected MSCs. The MRI signal differences between transfected MSCs and normal MSCs were observed by MRI FSE T₂WI and SWAN sequence. Results MSCs were successfully transfected with Fth1 gene, with the Prussian blue staining efficiency being 87%. For transfected MSCs without ferric citrate medium, the cell survival rate was (92.17±1.91)% and absorbance (D) value was 1.094±0.068, which were not significantly different from those of the normal MSCs ([94.23±2.42]% and 1.027±0.122, P>0.05). For transfected MSCs treated with ferric citrate medium for 3 days, the cell survival rate was (77.47±4.10)% and D value was 0.493±0.024, which were significantly different from those without ferric citrate treatment (P<0.05). The signal strength of MRI FSE T₂WI and SWAN sequence for transfected MSCs treated with ferric citrate medium was 656.6±18.2, which was significantly different from without ferric citrate treatment and the normal MSCs (807.3±17.1 and 847.1±10.5, P<0.05); and difference between without ferric citrate treatment and the normal MSCs was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion MSCs can be successfully transfected with Fth1 reporter gene, and the transfected MSCs can efficiently overexpress and uptake iron. The cell viability and proliferation is not affected in ferric citrate free medium, but is affected when iron concentration is 1 mol/L. MRI can detect in vitro labeled MSCs after incubated in ferric citrate medium for 5 days, with FSE T₂WI and SWAN sequences showing low signal intensity.

Abstract:Objective To apply atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for studying the differences in metal element dissolution (Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu) from Angelica dahurica following different extraction procedures. Methods The above four elements were extracted by water extraction and ethanol extraction methods. The water-soluble fraction and suspension fraction were separated from decocted solution by microporous filtering film; the water-soluble fraction was further divided into organic fraction and inorganic fraction by macroporous adsorption resin. The total contents of Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu and the amounts in different fractions were determined by wet digestion method and AAS, and morphological analysis was conducted. Results The extraction rates for the four elements were in the range of 25.14%-49.62%, with the sample recovery rates ranging 96.09%-100.43% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) being≤3% (n=6). Dissolution rate of metal elements by traditional water extraction method was low. The extraction rates of Pb and Cu by ethanol extraction method were higher than those of the water extraction method. Both in water decoction and ethanol decoction, the contents of four elements in the suspended species and inorganic species were higher than those in the soluble species and organic species. Cu content in organic species in water decoction was higher than that in ethanol decoction (24.33% vs 13.57%). Conclusion The metal element dissolution from Angelica dahurica can be decreased by optimizing the extraction method, which finally leads to reduced toxicity.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on Aβ_25-35-induced autophagy in mouse Neuro-2a cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods The Neuro-2a cells were randomly divided into control group, Aβ_25-35 treatment group, Aβ_25-35+NaHS group, Aβ_25-35+3-MA (3-methyl adenine) group, NaHS group and Aβ_25-35+NaHS+LY294002 group. In Aβ_25-35 + NaHS group and Aβ_25-35+3-MA group, NaHS and 3-MA were used for pretreatment for 2 h, which was followed by 24 h co-incubation with Aβ_25-35; in Aβ_25-35+NaHS+LY294002 group, after pretreatment with NaHS, LY294002 was administered for 0.5 h before Aβ_25-35 was given. MTT assay was used to detect the viability of Neuro-2a cells. The expression of the autophagy related proteins including Beclin-1, LC3 and P62 was measured by Western blotting analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression and distribution of LC3. The formation of autophagosomes was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results (1) Compared with control group, Aβ_25-35 group had significantly declined cell viability (P<0.05), significantly increased expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ and decreased P62 expression (P<0.05), accompanied by increased autophagsomes under fluorescence microscope and electron microscope. (2) Compared with Aβ_25-35 group, the cell viability was significantly increased in Aβ_25-35+3-MA and Aβ_25-35+NaHS groups (P<0.05), and expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ was decreased and expression of P62 was increased (P<0.05), accompanied by reduced autophagosomes. (3) The expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR in Aβ_25-35+NaHS group was significantly higher than that in Aβ_25-35 group (P<0.05); however, the expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR was significantly reduced after given the specific PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 compared with Aβ_25-35+NaHS group (P<0.05). Conclusion The exogenous H₂S can protect against Aβ_25-35-induced cytotoxicity, which is probably related to the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways and the inhibition of Aβ_25-35-induced cell autophagy.

Abstract:Objective To observe whether the polypeptide monoclonal antibody induced by human papillomavirus (HPV) major capsid protein (L1) C-terminal conserved sequence polypeptide can be applied to detect HPV in cervical exfoliated cells. Methods Two copies of cervical exfoliated cells specimens were collected from the gynecology clinic, The Second Clinical Medicine College, China Three Gorges University:one was subjected to detection via Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Diagnosis Kit in the clinical laboratory of hospital, and the other was subjected to detection of HPV L1 via immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the mouse monoclonal antibody induced by HPV L1 C-terminal conserved sequence polypeptide. The detection results of HPV of the two methods were analyzed. Results In a total of 384 cervical exfoliated cell samples, 63 were found positive for HPV by the Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Diagnosis Kit, with a positive rate of 16.41% (63/384); while IHC identified 120 positive cases,with a positive rate of 31.58% (120/380), being significantly higher than that of the former method (P<0.05). Conclusion It is indicated that HPV L1 polypeptide mouse monoclonal antibody has a better detection performance for HPV infection in cervical exfoliated cells compared with Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Diagnosis Kit, and it may have a future in developing kit for the prevention screening of cervical cancer.

Abstract:The renal vascular system is vital for maintaining the normal function of kidney, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) participates in the development of renal vascular system and is associated with various kidney diseases.Studies have demonstrated that down-expression of renal VEGF-A can result in reduction of microvascular density in medulla kidney, regional hypoxia, and polycythemia, and further lead to increased haemopoietin. The overexpression of VEGF-A can cause renal fibrosis and cyst formation, promoting the progress of kidney disease. Therefore, regulation of VEGF-A expression may influence the occurrence and development of kidney diseases. This review summarized the role of VEGF-A in the renal vascular system and kidney diseases, hoping to provide new therapeutic strategies for kidney diseases.

Abstract:Inflammasome is a vital part of innate immunity, and NLRP3 inflammasome is by far the most thoroughly studied inflammasome complexes that have been described. NLRP3-activating signals include toxins secreted by pathogens, crystalline molecules and endogenous danger signals. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome needs two steps:priming and activating. The priming step affects NLRP3 at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional modification levels; the activating step is associated with ion flowing, mitochondria and lysosomes. In this paper we also reviewed the negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome at the expression, assembly and activation levels.

Abstract:The ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are intracellular Ca²⁺ releasing channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and play a pivotal role in the excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal and cardiac muscles as well as other physiological processes. With the recent development of Cryo-EM and the improvement of data analysis technique, scientists from China, the United States and Germany have acquired high-quality RyR1 images at the total resolutions of 3.8 Å (1 Å=10^-10 m), 4.8 Å and 6.1 Å, respectively, which have been published in the same issue of Nature in 2015. RyR1s are homotetrameric complexes with a molecular mass of more than 2200000, mainly containing a cytoplasmic region composed of NTD, SPRY, P1, P2, B-sol and C-sol domains and a channel region composed of S1-S6, VSL and CTD domains. As the most common factor affecting the condition of RyR1, Ca²⁺ is able to bind the EF-hand subdomain in the cytoplasmic region, which further causes the conformational change and finally leads to the channel opening.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the curative effect of cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw in combination with pedicle screw in lumbar posterior decompression, bone graft and internal fixation for the treatment of osteoporosis lumbar degenerative diseases. Methods From February 2014 to April 2015, 32 patients with osteoporosis lumbar degenerative diseases underwent posterior decompression, bone graft and internal fixation after invalid conservative treatment. Internal fixation was performed by pedicle screws in 20 patients (A group) and by CBT screws combined with pedicle screws in 12 patients (B group). The recovery, operation time, intraoperative blood loss and VAS scores before and after operation, and JOA score were recorded in the two groups. Results The symptoms were improved in all the 32 patients. After surgery, JOA scores were significantly increased and VAS scores were significantly decreased. There were no significant differences in terms of operation time, blood loss, JOA score or VAS score between the two groups (P>0.05). In A group, one side pedicle screw placement failed due to osteoporosis in 2 cases and unilateral fixation was subsequently carried out. No poor screw holding force, nailing failure, or fracture breakage appeared in B group. No vascular or nerve damage caused by nailing was found in B group. The postoperative radiographic follow-up showed no screw loosening, fall-off or collapse; and the screw, connector, and fusion cage were all at the right position. There were no any adverse events in the two groups. Conclusion CBT screws in combination with pedicle screws in lumbar internal fixation have the advantage of less muscle and soft tissue injuries, strong screw holding force, and satisfied early curative effect in treating senile osteoporosis lumbar degenerative diseases.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the feasibility of veno-venous puncture (VVP) as an alternative for temporary and long-term vascular access in hemodialysis patients. Methods A total of 84 hemodialysis patients were enrolled in this study in Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA Nanjing Military Area Command between June 2014 and June 2015.The priority order of vascular access is as follow:arteriovenous fistula (AVF), tunneled cuffed catheter (TCC), and VVP. Patients were divided into VVP group (n=28), TCC group (n=28) and AVF group (n=28). Dialysis adequacy, access recirculation rate and access complications were observed and compared among each group for a follow-up of 6 months. Results There were no significant differences in spKt/V, eKt/V or urea reduction ratio (URR) among the three groups at 0, 3 and 6 months after dialysis. After 6 months, the access recirculation rate in VVP group was significanlty lower than that in the other two groups (0 vs 14.28%, 21.43%; P<0.05), and access dysfunction rate in VVP group was also significantly lower than that in TCC group (0 vs 21.43%, P<0.05), while the access-related infection rates were not significantly different among three groups. Conclusion VVP is easy to perform, with less complications and low access recirculation rate, and it might be an alternative choice for hemodialysis when AVF cannot be created or TCC cannot be placed.

Abstract:The revolution of information war demands fast planning and accurate allocation for naval medical support. The medical support simulation based on digital simulation technology has become a research focus for navies of many countries due to its controllable cost, and it is close to the actual war combat. In this paper we analyzed the key techniques of the American naval medical support simulation system, especially the Tactical Medical Logistics Planning Tool (TML+). Based on the rationale of each module of TML+, we mainly explored the achievements and problems in establishing medical support simulation system for Chinese navy, hoping to provide reference for improving our military health simulation system.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the iodine nutrition level of Chinese naval soldiers, and to know whether the universal iodization policy is suitable for naval soldiers by examining their thyroid function and thyroid ultrasonography changes. Methods In June 2015, we examined the morning urine iodine and blood sample for thyroid function in 285 soldiers from the East Sea Fleet of Chinese Navy; the participants also underwent thyroid ultrasonography test. At the same time, we also detected the morning urine iodine of 296 randomly selected residents who lived in Shanghai and were taking a routine check-up in the same hospital. SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results The 285 naval soldiers included 278 males and 7 females, with an age of (25.93±4.90) years. Their mean urinary iodine level was 119.934 μg/L, with the median level being 97.6 μg/L. There were 147 naval soldiers with urine iodine level <100 μg/L(51.58%). Thyroid function examination showed that thyroid antibody was abnormal in 18 cases (6.32%) and thyroid ultrasonography was abnormal in 39 cases (13.68%). The 296 Shanghai residents included 59 males and 237 females, with an age of (40.76±28.61) years old; the mean level of urinary iodine was 172.482 μg/L (median was 146.9 μg/L), which was significantly higher than that of naval soldiers (P=0.001). There were 71 residents with urine iodine level <100 μg/L (23.99%). Conclusion It has been found that 51.58% of the Chinese naval soldiers have insufficient iodine intake, indicating that the policy of iodized salt is also suitable for the Navy soldiers, and their iodine intake should be even more.

Abstract:Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) and traditional standard laparoscopy partial nephrectomy surgery, so as to investigate the characteristics, safety, feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of LESS nephrectomy surgery. Methods The same surgical group completed 12 cases of LESS partial nephrectomy from August 2009 to February 2015; 22 cases who received standard laparoendoscopic partial nephrectomy in the same period served as controls; two groups had similar tumor size and DAP scores. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed to compare the clinical efficacies of the two groups. Results All procedures were completed successfully without conversion to open cases in the two groups. The body mass index, tumor size or DAP scores were not statistically different between the both groups (P>0.05). The bowel recovery time, pain score, and cutouts satisfaction scores of LESS group were significantly different between the two groups ([1.50±0.71] d vs[2.45±0.96] d, 3.5 ±1.2 vs 4.3±0.9, and 8.1±1.8 vs 7.2±2.1, P<0.05). The operation time, blood loss, and warm ischemia time of LESS group were not significantly different from those of the standard group ([213.1 ±33.9] min vs[208.5 ±65.7] min,[92.7 ±66.8] mL vs[162.3±168.1] mL, and[20.5±12.8] min vs[19.5±7.5] min, P>0.05). The renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured with ^99mTc-DTPA before and 1 month after the operation, and the GFR of LESS and standard laparoendoscopic groups had a decrease of (3.7±8.6) mL/min and (8.9±10.1) mL/min, respectively, showing no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion The LESS nephrectomy is safe and effective, which has a similar outcome with standard laparoendoscopic partial nephrectomy when the tumor is small and in a good position.

Abstract:Objective To compare the clinical efficacies between open resection and laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of stomach, and to discuss the indications of laparoscopic resection for GISTs. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in 174 patients with GISTs undergoing either open (open resection group[ORG], n=76) or laparoscopic resection (laparoscopic resection group[LRG], n=98) from July 2008 to April 2014 at Changhai Hospital. The patients, according to tumor size (max diameter), were divided into two subgroups:<5 cm (113 cases:35 cases for ORG and 78 cases for LRG),≥5 cm and≤10 cm (61 cases:41 cases for ORG and 20 cases for LRG). The data for analysis included gender, age, tumor size, risk grading, mitotic rate, surgical type, operative time, intraoperation blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative feeding time, and 5-year tumor-free survival time, etc. Results The gender, age, tumor size, risk grading, mitotic rate and surgical type of patients had no significant differences between the laparoscopic and open resection groups for the two tumor size groups. When the tumor size <5 cm, the operation time was similar for the two surgical approaches, but the blood loss, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative feeding time were significantly reduced in LRG compared with ORG (P<0.01). When the tumor size≥5 cm and≤10 cm, the operation time and postoperative hospital stay were similar between ORG and LRG, but the blood loss and postoperative feeding time of LRG were significantly less than those of ORG (P<0.05). The 5-year tumor-free survival time was not significantly different between LRG and ORG for the two tumor size groups. Conclusion When the tumor size is <5 cm, laparoscopic resection is more safe and reliable than open resection for the gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach; when the tumor size is≥5 cm and≤10 cm, laparoscopic resection is safe and feasible after appropriate preoperative evaluation and patient selection.

Abstract:Objective To know about the marital status of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chongqing and Sichuan area, and to explore the impact of marital status on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related knowledge and attitude, acceptance of health service, AIDS-related high-risk behavior and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmited disease (STD) infection. Methods A total of 1 240 MSM participants were recruited from Sichuan and Chongqing area using the nonrandom sampling method, and they were surveyed through an anonymous questionnaire, and their AIDS-related knowledge and attitude, acceptance of health service, AIDS-related high-risk behavior were investigated. The HIV antibody was detected by gold standard rapid diagnosis method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chi-square test was adopted for rate comparison among groups. The age and AIDS-related knowledge were compared between groups by rank sum test. Results Significant differences were detected in age, residence registration type, education level, employment status, and personal average monthly income between married group and unmarried group (P<0.05). The median AIDS related knowledge score for the unmarried group was 9 (inter-quartile range 4), which was significantly higher than that of the married group (8[inter-quartile range 5], P<0.05). It was found that 53.8% of the participants in the married group deemed that MSM population had a high HIV infection rate in their area, while the number was 58.0% in the unmarried group. The proportion of participants in the married group who thought AIDS was a great threat to their family was significantly higher than that in the unmarried group (P<0.05). We found that 40.5% MSM in the married group never had the HIV testing, which was significantly higher than that in the unmarried group (34.3%, P<0.05). AIDS-related high-risk sexual behaviors were similar in the two groups. The HIV-infection rate in the married group was 30.9%, being significantly higher than that in the unmarried group (21.1%, P<0.05). Conclusion Marriage does not reduce the frequency of AIDS-related high-risk sexual behavior among MSM population. The high HIV-infection rate in MSM people in the married group indicates a higher risk for HIV transmission from MSM population to normal people.

Abstract:Objective To explore the protective mechanism of Potentilla anserina polysaccharide (PAP) on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine (D-GlaN) in mice. Methods Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, bifendate group (positive control) and PAP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) treated groups, with 10 mice in each group. After treatment with normal saline, bifendate and PAP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) for 7 days, the mice in normal control group were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline, and those in the other 5 groups were injected intraperitoneally with D-GlaN to establish acute liver injury models. All the animals were sacrificed 24 h after model establishment, and the levels of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined. Results Compared with normal control group, the model group had significantly increased hepatic MDA level(P<0.05) and significantly decreased activities of hepatic SOD, GSH-Px and level of GSH (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, bifendate and 50, 100, 200 mg/kg PAP significantly decreased hepatic MDA level (P<0.05), increased the activities of hepatic SOD, GSH-Px and level of GSH (P<0.05, P<0.01) in mouse acute liver injury model. Conclusion PAP can protect the liver of mice with acute liver injury induced by D-GlaN, which is probably through scavenging free radicals, protecting cell membranes and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the incidence, clinicopathologic features, treatments and prognosis of renal tumor patients under the age of 30 years old. Methods The clinical data of renal tumor patients under 30, who were treated between January 2001 and December 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. The general information, incidence, clinical manifestations, pathological outcomes, treatment strategies, and prognosis were analyzed. Results A total of 137 patients were included in this study, which accounted for 3.84% (137/3570) of all renal tumor cases in our hospital at the same period. The mean age of 137 patients was (24.47±4.80) years old, including 67 males and 70 females. 79 patients (57.66%) were diagnosed during health check-up, 39 patients were diagnosed for abdomen or flank pain, gross hematuria and mass as the main clinical symptoms were separately found in 10 and 7 patients, the other 2 patients saw a doctor for urinary frequency and urgency. 133 patients received operations, the rest received conservative medical management. 125 cases of postoperative pathology were got: 75 renal cell carcinomas, 42 angiomyolipomas, 6 nephroblastomas, one neuroendocrine tumor, and one juxtaglomerular cell tumor. 121 patients had been followed-up. The 3 and 5 years survival rates of renal cell carcinoma were 82.86%(29/35)and 61.53%(8/13). 2 cases of nephroblastoma died of tumor metastasis. All the angiomyolipoma, neuroendocrine tumor, juxtaglomerular cell tumor patients had good prognosis. Conclusion Most of renal tumors in patients under the age of 30 years old are malignant. But it is noteworthy that benign angiomyolipoma also accounts for a considerable proportion. Regular health check-up is benefit for early diagnosis and better prognosis.

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