Objective To investigate the factors influencing mood and sleep among special operation personnel, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and intervention of related issues. Methods A total of 600 special operation personnel during their special duty were enrolled by random sampling method. Basic information was collected by a general information questionnaire. Mood and sleep status were evaluated by self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale (PSQI). Results Spearman correlation analysis showed that factors associated with anxiety were years of work experience (r＝0.099, P＝0.016), family residence (r＝－0.153, P＜0.001), and sleep status (r＝0.199, P＜0.001); the factors associated with depression were relationship with parents (r＝－0.134, P＝0.001), family residence (r＝－0.144, P＜0.001), and sleep status (r＝0.122, P＝0.003); and the factors associated with sleep were age (r＝0.088, P＝0.031), years of work experience (r＝0.079, P＝0.049), and number of children (r＝0.083, P＝0.043). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that depression was not an influencing factor of sleep (odds ratio [OR]＝1.302, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.759-1.758, P＝0.086), while anxiety was an influencing factor of sleep (OR＝2.187, 95%CI 1.608-4.695, P＝0.001). Conclusion The sleep status of special operation personnel investigated in this survey is related to age and years of work experience, and is influenced by anxiety. Therefore, greater attention should be given to sleep issues in the occupational health support of special operations. Additionally, years of work experience, family residence, relationship with parents, and sleep status are related to anxiety and depression among special operation personnel. It is necessary to focus on the mental health of older workers and those with longer tenure.