Artificial intelligence (AI) is systematically reshaping the modern medical landscape with unprecedented depth and breadth, transforming research and development paradigms, diagnostic and therapeutic workflows, and public health systems. This paper comprehensively summarizes the groundbreaking applications of AI in key areas, including genomics, drug development, medical imaging, clinical decision support, surgery, and public health. It elucidates how AI is propelling medicine towards greater precision, efficiency, and personalization by decoding complex biological data, accelerating target identification, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and optimizing the allocation of medical resources. However, this advancement is confronted with multiple challenges, including data quality, model interpretability, algorithmic bias, clinical integration, and ethical regulation. Based on an analysis of these core issues, this article envisions a new blueprint for the future of medicine: supported by robust governance frameworks and profound interdisciplinary collaboration, AI will comprehensively empower the healthcare sector, ultimately fostering a health ecosystem that is more precise, efficient, equitable, and humane. Only through a balanced focus on technological innovation and ethical governance can the sustainable development of AI in medicine be ensured, thereby truly benefiting all of humanity.