Objective To explore the distribution characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes and constitution types in patients with post-infectious cough (PIC). Methods A consecutive sampling method was adopted to enroll patients diagnosed with PIC in Beijing Daxing District Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. TCM syndromes and constitution types were respectively identified using the TCM syndrome differentiation questionnaire and the TCM constitution identification questionnaire, and the relationship between them was analyzed. Results A total of 510 PIC patients were enrolled, mostly female, young and middle-aged, with subacute PIC. TCM syndrome distribution showed that wind evil invading lung syndrome was the main type, followed by cold fluid retention in lung syndrome, lung-spleen yang deficiency syndrome, wind-heat invading lung syndrome, phlegm-dampness obstructing lung syndrome, phlegm-heat stagnating in lung syndrome, wind-cold attacking lung syndrome, and lung yin deficiency syndrome. Constitution distribution showed that balanced constitution was the most common, followed by yang deficiency constitution, mixed constitution, qi deficiency constitution, phlegm-dampness constitution, qi stagnation constitution, special diathesis, damp-heat constitution, blood stasis constitution, and yin deficiency constitution. Lung-spleen yang deficiency syndrome was mainly associated with yang deficiency constitution and qi deficiency constitution; lung yin deficiency syndrome was mainly associated with yin deficiency constitution and blood stasis constitution; wind-cold attacking lung syndrome was mainly associated with balanced constitution; wind-heat invading lung syndrome was mainly associated with balanced constitution and damp-heat constitution; cold fluid retention in lung syndrome was mainly associated with special diathesis and qi deficiency constitution; wind evil invading lung syndrome was mainly associated with mixed constitution and yang deficiency constitution; phlegm-heat stagnating in lung syndrome was mainly associated with mixed constitution and qi stagnation constitution; phlegm-dampness obstructing lung syndrome was mainly associated with phlegm-dampness constitution and yang deficiency constitution. Conclusion Wind evil invading lung syndrome is the most common syndrome in PIC patients, with mixed constitution and yang deficiency constitution as the susceptible constitution types. There is a certain correlation between the syndromes and constitution types.